"High resolution Spectroscopy in X-ray Astronomy

为了在宇宙X射线观测中获得高分辨率的光谱学，我们从反射光栅和多层膜两个方面着手：1.光谱元件的X射线测量系统的制备：我们在实验室提供了一个标准的X射线管，并利用同步辐射轨道辐射装置进行了详细的测量。样品台和检测器台由计算机控制。2.多层膜反射光栅的研制将光栅和多层膜两种方法融合到多层膜反射光栅中，用一个元件同时获得反射率和分辨率。我们将Pt/C多层膜涂在商用反射光栅上。在8.0 keV X射线下，测得该元件的一阶反射率为2%。这是第一次在如此高的能量下使用反射光栅进行探测，并将很快发表。离面安装是一种很有前途的技术，可以在中等图像质量的望远镜上获得高分辨率。但测量准备工作仍在进行中，结果将很快报告。在该项目期间，日本X射线天文卫星ASCA成功发射。人们越来越清楚地认识到，要进入天体物理学的新时代，就必须有更高的分辨率。我们开始设计将于1999年发射的下一颗X射线卫星ASTRO-E。光谱仪的发展必须与望远镜的光学设计相一致。

For high resolution spectroscopy in cosmic X-ray observations, we started with two approaches using reflective gratings and multilayr coatings.1.Preparation of X-ray measurement systems for spectroscopic elements.We provided a standard X-ray tube in our lab with characteristic X-rays and a synchrotron orbital radiation facility has been used for detail measurements. Sample and detector stages are controlled by computers. A micro-channel plate is available to obtain two dimensional images.2.Development of reflective gratings with multilayr coatingsTwo approaches with gratings and multilayr coatings are merged into the multilayr grating, in order to gain both reflectivity and resolution with one element. We put Pt/C multilayr coating on a commercial reflective grating. The reflectivity of this element with 8.0 keV X-rays was measured to be 2% at the first order. It is the first detection with reflective gratings at such high energies and will be published soon.Off-plane mount is a promising technique to obtain high resolution with medium image quality telescopes. However, preparation of measurement is still going on and results will be reported soon.During this project, a japanese X-ray Astronomy Satellite ASCA is successfully launched. It is more clearly recognized that better resolution is required for proceed new era of astrophysics. We started the design of the next X-ray satellite ASTRO-E to be launched in 1999. Developments of our spectrometer have to be in accordance with the optical design of the telescope.