Evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System: An Analysis of its Institutional and Environmental Responses

本研究旨在根据近年来南极条约体系（ATS）面临的体制和环境挑战，阐明其性质和演变过程。首先，从国际法和国际组织法的角度对2003年《南极条约》秘书处的成立进行分析。Shibata概述了ATS的体制发展，Kurokami分析了国际秘书处的演变历史，其中审查了设立ATS秘书处的意义。对国际贸易协定秘书处（柴田）的谈判历史和有关设立的法律规定的详细分析表明，从体制的观点来看，秘书处是独一无二的，因为谈判国非常小心，不把它设立为一个国际组织。其次，关于环境挑战，本研究审查了2005年通过的《南极条约环境保护议定书》的责任附件。本研究详细分析了责任附件（柴田）的谈判历史，并从国际环境法的角度考察了其实质性内容（高村）。渡边还从科学的角度研究了它：它对南极洲科学活动的影响。根据上述研究，本研究得出结论，ATS在应对体制和环境挑战的同时，并没有改变其基本性质，而是不断发展和加强，因为该系统将国际法发展的一般原则纳入其适应过程，从而显示出其弹性。

This Study aims to clarify the nature and the process of the evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) in light of the institutional and environmental challenges it faces in the recent years.First, this study analyzed the establishment of the Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty in 2003, from the perspective of international law and the law of international organizations. Shibata has overviewed the institutional development of the ATS, while Kurokami analyzed the history of the evolution of international secretariats, within which the significance of the establishment of the AT Secretariat was examined. A detailed analysis of the negotiating history of and the legal provisions relating to the establishment of the AT Secretariat (Shibata) demonstrated that the ecretariat, from institutional point of view, was unique in nature, as negotiating states was very careful not to establish it as an international organization. Second, as regards the environmental challenges, this study examined the so-called Liability Annex (adopted in 2005) to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. This study analyzed in detail the negotiating history of the Liability Annex (Shibata) and examined its substantive content from the perspective of international environmental law (Takamura). Watanabe has also examined it from the perspective of science: its consequences for scientific activities in Antarctica.As the result of the above research, this study came to the conclusion that the ATS, while coping with the institutional and environmental challenges, did not change its fundamental nature but evolved and strengthened it, as the System incorporated the general tenets of international law developments into its adaptation process, thereby demonstrating its resilience.