Sustainable urban logistics systems taking into account the development of information and communication technology

分别针对无电子商务的常规情况和电子商务的新情况，建立了带时间窗的城市车辆路径与调度模型。电子商务的部署是为了增加个人送货到家的需求，而且严格的送货上门时间窗口加速了城市地区货运的增加。为了防止这种情况的发生，减少对环境的负面影响，城市物流采取了合作货运系统、时间窗口分组、设置提货点等措施，有效地降低了总成本、总运行时间和NOx排放。利用车辆信息通信系统(VICS)等复杂交通信息系统提供的路段行程时间分布，建立了带时间窗的车辆路径与调度问题(VRPTW-P)模型。将该模型应用于路网和近似的OPT…使用遗传算法识别出更多的数值解。将近似最优解与车辆正常使用情况进行了比较，结果表明，VRPTW-P模型不仅可以降低总费用的平均值，而且可以降低总费用的标准差。此外，应用VRPTW-P模型可以减少NOx、CO2和PM(颗粒物)的排放。建立了允许有货物运输的托运人和有卡车空位的货运公司的物流匹配系统的模型，采用三种匹配方法：(A)拍卖，(B)最小化卡车运行时间的增加，(C)合作货运系统。将模型应用于路网测试后，结果表明，在任何模型下，都可以降低货运公司的总成本以及卡车的总运行次数。因此，使用这些先进的信息和通信系统可以促进可持续的城市货运系统。较少

Models for urban vehicle routing and scheduling with time windows were developed both for conventional situation without e-commerce and new situation with e-commerce. The deployment of e-commerce is to increase demand for delivering goods to individual home and moreover, strict time windows of home delivery accelerates the increase of freight transport in urban areas. It was found that to prevent such situation and decrease negative impacts on the environment, city logistics measures including co-operative freight transport systems, grouping of time windows, set up of pickup points were effective in terms of the reduction of total costs, total running times, NOx emissions.Vehicle Routing and scheduling Problem with Time Window-Probabilistic (VRPTW-P) model was formulated using link travel time distribution which can be provided by sophisticated traffic information systems such as VICS (Vehicle Information Communication Systems). The model was applied to road network and approximate opt … More imal solution was identified using genetic algorithms. The comparison of the approximate optimal solution and usual operation of vehicles showed that the VRPTW-P model can reduce not only the average value of total costs, but also the standard deviation of them. Moreover, emissions of NOx,CO_2 and PM (Particle Materials) can be reduced by applying VRPTW-P model.Models were formulated for logistical matching systems which allow shippers who have goods to be transported and freight carriers who have vacant space of trucks, using three matching methods : (a)auction, (b)minimization of the increase of running times of trucks, and (c)co-operative freight transport systems. After the models were applied to test road network, results showed that in any models, total costs of freight carriers as well as total running times of trucks can be reduced. It leads to efficient use of trucks and reduction of negative impacts on the environment.Therefore, use of these advanced information and communication systems can facilitate sustainable urban freight transport systems. Less