Empirical and Theoretical Investigations on Predicate Composition - A Contrastive View for German Grammar

1. 在德语中，动词所描述的动作所指向的参与者可以用助词动词的论点来表示，例如anlachen“at-laugh”，而在英语中则不可能。这种差异来自于语言的基本语序，即SOV和SVO。2. 德语动词zulachen中的与格也表示“嘲笑”，应该被分析为所谓的所有格。因此，与格的指称物必须是有知觉的（=一个人）。3. 德语动词zuwerfen（扔）和荷兰语动词toegooien（扔）中的间接宾语也是所有格与格。因此，zuwerfen中的与格宾语“to-throw”不被助词zu-“to”所选择。4. 在德语中，目标可以用动词zueilen （to-hurry）中的与格表达，而在荷兰语中，相应的动词toesnellen中则不可能用与格表达。这种差异归因于德语中“低与格”的可用性。在德语中，“ground”被定义为语料词的语义宾语，与ein-“In -”和auf“on”一起出现在语料词动词中，例如den Wagen aufladen“把车装上”，das Glas eingieben“把玻璃杯倒进去”。相比之下，英语中相应的表达被排除在外。这种差异是由于德语中的助词in和auf不仅表示结果目标。6. 日语和德语在动词的运动方式方面的显著差异并不在于动词本身的意义，而是包含这些动词和PPs的德语结构可以表达结果状态，以及主语的运动。例如，Er rannte zum Bahnhof这句话“他跑到车站去了”可以表示主语由于运动而在车站停留了一段时间。这种读法在日语“Kare-wa eki made hasitta”的准对应句中是不存在的。

1. In German the participant toward whom the action described by the verb is oriented can be represented by an argument in particle verbs, e. g. anlachen 'at-laugh', whereas it is not possible in English. This difference comes from the basic word order in languages, namely SOV and SVO. 2. The dative in the German verb zulachen, which expresses 'laugh at' as well, should be analyzed a so-called possessor dative. Therefore the referent of the dative must be sentient (=a person). 3. The indirect object in the verb zuwerfen 'to throw' in German and toegooien 'to-throw' in Dutch is a possessor dative as well. Thus the dative object in zuwerfen 'to-throw' is not selected by the particle zu-' to'. 4. In German a goal can be expressed by a dative in the verb zueilen 'to-hurry', whereas it is not possible in the corresponding verb toesnellen in Dutch. This difference is attributed to the availability of the 'low dative' in German. 5. In German a 'ground', which is defined as a semantic object of particle, appears in particle verbs with ein- 'in-' and auf 'on', e. g. den Wagen aufladen 'load the car on' and das Glas eingieben 'pour the glass in'. In contrast the corresponding expressions in English are ruled out. This difference is due to the fact that the German particle in and auf denote not only the resultant goal. 6. A significant difference with respect to the verbs of manner of motion between Japanese and German does not consist in the verb meaning itself, but German constructions containing these verbs and PPs can express the resultant state, as well as the movement of the subject. E. g. the sentence Er rannte zum Bahnhof 'He ran to the station' can denote the fact that the subject stayed at the station for a while as a result of movement. Such a reading does not exist in the quasi-corresponding sentence in Japanese Kare-wa eki made hasitta.