Management Innovation and Standardization experienced in British Engineering and Shipbuilding Industry before the First World War, and its impact over the Contemporary Japan

这个研究项目产生的问题的答案;为什么英国的工程和造船业可以经历各种尝试的管理创新和标准化的第一次世界大战之前，为什么这样的尝试不能牢固地建立在行业。答案有以下三个方面。第一个答案涉及需要创新的客观条件，即，其余的工艺规定。在这种情况下，工程和造船业深深地依赖于工头和熟练工人之间的自发程序和管理，这从雇主的头脑中驱逐了效率的概念。第二个答案指出了我们谁可以成功地追求管理创新的方式。受工头活动的启发，特别是工头协会的科学和教育功能，职业工程师逐渐产生了将科学成果与工程公司的实际问题相结合的愿望。新成立的工程和造船业的专业工程师的地方机构为他们提供了一个舞台，以作为这些方向，劳动管理，工资制度，工业会计，标准化，电力，等等的宣传者。第三个答案涉及到限制情况的经验创新和标准化。众所周知，英国雇主为了反对“同业公会的非法影响”，形成了非常强大的协会，这些雇主协会对各种尝试采取了障碍，以引入新的内容到行业劳资关系中。

This Research Project produces answers to the question ; why British engineering and shipbuilding industry could experience various attempts for management innovation and standardization before the First World War, and why such an attempt could not be firmly established in the industry. The answers are threefold as follows. The First answer relates to objective conditions which needed an innovation, i.e., the remaining craft regulations. In such conditions the engineering and shipbuilding industry depended deeply upon spontaneous procedures and management among foremen and skilled workers, which expelled a notion of efficiency from the employers' mind The Second answer points our who could successfully pursue a way to management innovation. Inspired by foremen's activities, particularly in scientific and educational functions of foremen's association, professional engineers came to have got an aspiration that they would combine scientific fruits and practical problems in engineering firms. Newly formed local institutions of professional engineers in the engineering and shipbuilding industry produced a theatre for them to act as an advocator of such orientations, labour management, wage system, industrial accounting, standardization, electric power, and so on. The Third answer relate to the restricting situations to the experienced innovation and standardization. As is known British employers formed very powerful association in order to fight against "unlawful influence caused by Trade Societies', and such employers' associations took a barrier against every kind of trial to introduce new matters into the craft industrial relations.