Language Change and Complex Adaptive System - Based on the Historical Data in English and Networks

1.语言变化与社会网络在Ogura&Wang主编的《动态方言学与复杂适应系统》中，《英语历史方言学中的方法和数据》。Dossena&Lass，Peter Lang，2004)，我综合了语言选择，即学习者在可用变体之间的无意识功能选择，以及语言游戏，即在动态方言的复杂适应系统中，通过个体之间的互动合作传播语言。在本研究中，我在Ogura&Wang(2004)的基础上，基于英语的模拟和历史数据，考察了不同的社会网络结构，特别是小世界网络和无尺度网络，是如何影响变化的语言类型和游戏类型的。我们的历史数据构成了理论的经验基础，计算机模拟使我们能够创造出大量实体以可观察的方式相互作用的场景。词汇的小世界网络的进化在这项研究中，我将…视为恶魔更确切地说，多义链接对语义图的组织有深远的影响，根据WordNet(2.0版)和古英语同义词表(TOE)(J.Roberts等人)的数据，将其确认为一个小世界网络。Al.，1995)。首先编制了包含114648个名词和11306个动词的词网数据库和18265个名词和7161个动词的词库，包括单音节、多义词、同义词、词频、多义性、起源日期和保留日期等信息，然后发现多义词的包含降低了平均最小长度，产生了相当数量的高连通性和聚集性的词，形成了一个聚簇的短程即小世界网络，并进一步表明，出现频率越高的词在每个词汇类别内构建的超词汇树的水平越高。据我所知，1和2下的调查是将最近发展的网络理论与大规模的英国历史数据联系起来的第一次尝试，它们在国际会议上产生了很大的影响。较少

1. Language Change and Social NetworksIn Ogura & Wang, Dynamic Dialectology and Complex Adaptive System, Methods and Data in English Historical Dialectology (ed. by Dossena & Lass, Peter Lang, 2004), I synthesized linguistic selection, i.e., unconscious functional selection between available variants by learners, and language games, i.e., language spread by cooperation in interactions of individuals in the complex adaptive system of dynamic dialectology. In this study, I further Ogura & Wang (2004) and investigate how different structures of social networks, especially small-world networks and scale-free networks, affect the linguistic type of change and the game type of change, based on simulation and historical data from English. Our historical data constitute empirical basis for theories, and computer simulations allow us to create scenarios in which a large number of entities interact in an observable way.2. Evolution of the Small-world Networks of the LexiconIn this study I demons … More trate that polysemous links have a profound impact in the organization of the semantic graph, conforming it as a small-world network, based on the data from WordNet (version 2.0) and A Thesaurus of Old English (TOE) (J. Roberts, et. al., 1995). First I compile the database of 114648 nouns and 11306 verbs of Word Net and 18265 nouns and 7161 verbs in TOE, including the information of monosemy, polysemy, synonymy, word frequency, hypernymy, date of origin and date of retention.Then I show that the inclusion of polysemy decreases the average minimal length and produces a considerable number of words with high connectivity and clustering, creating a clustered short-range, i.e., small-world network.Furthermore I show that the higher frequency words construct the higher level of the hypernymy tree within each lexical category. This architecture is robust through the times, forming the basis of the small-world network.To the best of my knowledge, the investigations under 1 and 2 are the first attempts to connect the recently developed network theory to a large-scale English historical data, and they gave much impact at the International Conferences. Less