A Study on the Lifeline and the Municipal Social Economic Structure in the 18 to 20 Century Beijing-Focus on Domestic Water Supply and Sewage Treatment

本出版物关注的是18-20世纪北京的生命线（基础设施）生活供水和污水处理问题，这是一个以前很少研究的课题。对这一主题的历史记录进行了收集和回顾，并分析了它们之间的相互关系。本研究的主要内容如下：对东京大学东方文化研究所NIITA馆藏记录的北京市生活用水买卖合同文件进行了审查。在18-20世纪北京的生活用水问题上，主要研究了山东人的水权制度，这是一种满足北京基本生活用水需求的人类水载体制度。在18 -20世纪北京的污水处理问题上，主要讨论了污水路径权制度，该制度保证了北京生活污水的不间断和日常收集，并将污水转化为农业肥料。这个污水处理系统帮助北京市维持了基本的和最低的卫生标准。

This publication is focused on the problem of domestic water supply and sewage treatment-the lifeline(basic infrastructure) in 18-20 Century Beijing, a subject rarely studied previously. Historical records on the subject are collected and reviewed and their inter-relationship is analyzed. Key contents of this study are as follows : A review is carried out on the contract documents of sale/purchase agreement for domestic water use in Beijing, records in the NIITA Collection of the Institute of Oriental Culture in the University of Tokyo. On the subject of domestic water supply in 18-20 Century Beijing, the study is conducted mainly on the waterway right system accorded to the people of Shandong, a system of human water carriers to satisfy the basic need of domestic water use in Beijing. On the subject of sewage disposal in 18 -20 Century Beijing, the discussions are based mainly on the sewage route right system, which ensured the uninterrupted and daily collection of human sewage in Beijing, and conversion of the sewage to agriculture fertilizers. This sewage disposal system helped maintain a basic and minimum hygiene standard in the city of Beijing.