Oaths of Reconciliation (Urfehdewesen) and Reform of Criminal Justice in the Early 16.. Century of Germany

在中世纪晚期和现代早期的德国(13-17)。21世纪)我们关注的是那些被逮捕和监禁的人的和解誓言(Urfehde：放弃复仇)，特别是以三种形式：(1)骑士誓言，(2)民事和解誓言和(3)民事和解誓言；人们不仅可以在内部而且在没有法庭程序的情况下找到和解的形式。和解信函(UrfehdeBrie)向我们展示了这种誓言对实现和平是多么不可或缺：在骑士和民间和解誓言中，被逮捕的人向恩怨的反对者发誓，他们不会利用监禁作为寻求报复的宣誓。为了保护城市的法官、官员和仆人免受他们谴责的人或他的血亲和朋友的报复，民事和解誓言总是必要的。所有的民事和解誓言在很大程度上参与了公民身份的社会纪律进程，即中世纪后期城市当局(地方法官和镇议会)的和解法案(14.和15)。另一方面，正如1532年美国《卡罗莱纳宪法》所表明的那样，强加这样的誓言能够防止公民将法官、官员和仆人，那些对他的逮捕和定罪负责的人，正确地提交法院；这似乎是帝国法院别无选择，只能在德国近代早期决定改革法院的一个原因。

In the Later Medieval Ages and Early Modern Times of Germany (13. into17. Century) we are concerned with the Oath of Conciliation (Urfehde: renunciation of vengeance) above all by those under arrest and imprisonment, especially in three forms: (1) Knightly, (2) Civil-Knghtly and (3) Civil Oath of Conciliation; man can find the forms not only within, but also without court procedureThe Letters of Reconciliation (Urfehdebriefe) show us how integral such Oaths were to the Making Peace: In the Knightly, and Civil-Knghtly Oaths of Rerconciliation those under arrest swore to the opponents of feud that they would not use their imprisonment as an oocasion for seeking vengeance. And Civil Oath of Conciliation was always necessary to protect the Judges, Officials and Servants of the City from the vengeance by him whom they had condemned or his blood relatives and friends.Above all the Civil Oath of Conciliation has to a profound degree taken a part in the Process of Social Discipline (Soziale Disziplinierung) of Citizenship, i. e. the Act of Making Peace by the City Authorities(the magistrates and town councils), in the Later Middle Ages (14. and15. Century).On the other hand, as Constitutio Criminalis Carolina of 1532 us shows, to impose such Oaths was able to prevent a citizen from bringing against Judges, Officials and Servants, those responsible for his arrest and conviction, the matter rightly to the court; this is a reason, it seems, that the Imperial Court had no other choice than to decide to reform courts in the Early Modern Times of Germany.