Accounting Big Bang : From the standpoint of Historical and Comparative Institutional Analyses

本研究的目的是从历史和比较制度分析的角度，阐明“账户大爆炸”的制度、经济和理论后果。从历史的角度考察了20世纪80年代以前关于会计大爆炸理论核心“经济收入”和会计大爆炸技术核心“贴现现值”的争论。根据调查可以明显看出，虽然直接计量（新起点计量）和会计分配（利息法）在代际时代（16-20世纪）并存，但在建立时代（20世纪30年代中期至70年代），美国的会计准则或概念框架中只应用了会计分配。在经济收入和现值的发展过程中，存在着“经济一元论”和“经济会计二元论”两种异质谱系。从制度的角度来看，“实质重于形式”在租赁会计等讨论中得到强调，并提出了新的方法（使用权模型、全资产模型）。这意味着会计准则制定者希望消除“管理意图”，因为它被认为会导致会计欺诈。此外，在有关负债（债券）的公允价值计量、立即确认养老金负债和资产退休义务会计的讨论中，存在从“名义资本维持-总资本概念”（实体观点）到“财务维持-净资本概念”（专有观点）的趋势。20世纪90年代以后，公允价值（会计）开始引人注目，现值成为公允价值的重要计量技术。这种势头有助于扩大按市值计价（重估），并确认一些无形资产，包括部分自创商誉。然而，在会计大爆炸下出现了新的问题。公允价值会计本质上不需要净利润，这不仅对利益相关者之间的利益调和很重要，而且对投资者提供有用的信息也很重要。虽然公允价值会计和自创商誉的确认是同时主张的，但两者在本质上是相互冲突的。公允价值会计可以消除管理意图，但不能消除计量的随意性。这些特征可能会导致另一种类型的会计欺诈。少

The purpose of this research is to clarify institutional, economic, and theoretical consequences of "Accounts Big Bang", from the standpoint of historical and comparative institutional analyses.From a historical viewpoint, I surveyed the arguments until 1980s about "economic income" which is a theoretical core of accounting big bang and "discount present value" which is technical core of accounting big bang. According to the survey, it is obvious that although direct measurement(fresh-start measurement) and accounting allocation (interest method) coexisted in the generation era (16-20th century), only accounting allocation had been applied in accounting standards or conceptual frameworks in United States in the establishment era (middle of 1930s to 1970s). Furthermore, it becomes clear that there were two heterogeneous genealogies, that is, "economical monism" and "economic and accounting dualism" existed in the process in which economic income and present value developed.From an insti … More tutional viewpoint, "substance-over-form" comes to be emphasized in the discussion such as lease accounting and comes to be proposed new approaches(the right of use model, the whole asset model). This means accounting standards setters want to eliminate "management intents", because it is thought to cause accounting fraud. Moreover there is a tendency from "nominal capital maintenance - total capital concept" (entity view) to "financial maintenance - net capital concept" (proprietary view) in such discussions on fair value measurements of liabilities (bonds), immediate recognition of pension liabilities, and accounting for assets retirement obligations.After the 1990s, fair value (accounting) becomes conspicuous and present value comes to be an important measurement technique of fair value. This momentum serves as expansion of a mark-to-market (revaluation), and recognition of some kinds of intangibles including a part of self-generating goodwill However, new problems occur under accounting big bang. Fair value accounting does not need net income in nature which is important not only for reconciliation of interest between stakeholders but also provision of useful information for investors. Although fair value accounting and recognition of self-generating goodwill are asserted simultaneously, both conflict with each other in nature. Fair value accounting might eliminate management intents but it cannot eliminate measurement arbitrariness. These features might cause another types of accounting fraud. Less