The Development of Probability Logic in the German Enlightenment and the Philosophy of Kant

在德国启蒙运动的哲学中，或然性意味着可能性的程度，而这种可能性是按照事物的完备性来分级的。但是，只要这种完整性是根据没有矛盾的事物的可比性来分级的，我们就会发现这种理论中决定论的困难。康德把一般逻辑称为正典，即判断和推理的一般规则。但他否定概率逻辑，因为他认为概率逻辑是工具论，即认识的特殊方法。他承认数学概率，并将其建立在他最初的哲学经验原则之上。根据他的理论，数学概率的判断不是绝对必要的而是相对必要的，他可以避免德国启蒙哲学中决定论的困难。

In the philosophy of German Enlightenment, probability means the degree of possibility, and this possibility is graded according to the completeness of things. But in so far as this completeness is graded according to the compossibility of things without contradiction, we find the difficulty of determinism in this theory. Kant refers to general logic as canon, namely the general rule of judgment and inference. But he denies probability logic, because he thinks this logic is organon, namely the special method of cognition. He admits mathematical probability and grounds it on his original philosophical principle of experience. According to his theory, the judgment of mathematical probability is not absolutely but relatively necessary, he can avoid the difficulty of determinism in the philosophy of German Enlightenment.