Health effects of hazardous factors in the environment and the risk assessment

这四项研究的目的是澄清长期低水平接触环境中的危险因素对人类健康的影响。(1)为了客观地评估三氯乙烯对神经运动的影响，对57名无明显神经系统疾病的工人和60名对照组进行了静态姿势摇摆和手震颤参数沿着尿三氯乙醇和三氯乙酸水平的研究。(2)为了评估环境中有机磷杀虫剂的慢性效应，对339名从事食品配送、苹果种植和害虫防治工作的日本成年人进行了尿二烷基磷酸盐浓度和结果参数（如心脏自主神经和神经运动功能）检查。(3)为了检查铅产生不良影响的临界水平是否确实在工人和儿童之间存在差异，通过使用从PubMed中选择的现有数据，提供了关于工人铅临界水平的研究概述，沿着儿童铅毒性的观点。(4)欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）建议使用基准剂量（BMD）方法作为传统使用的无明显不良作用水平方法的替代方法，作为确定参考点的选择方法，以得出基于健康的指导值和暴露范围。因此，通过使用EFSA推荐的BMD方法，由于有害物质的参考点较低，因此可以更好地保证人体健康安全。然而，其应用于流行病学数据并不总是反映毒理学意义的临床标准。

The four studies were carried out to clarify human health effects of chronic low-level exposures to hazardous factors in the environment. (1) To assess the neuromotor impact of trichloroethylene objectively, static postural sway and hand tremor parameters, along with urinary trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid levels, were investigated in 57 workers without obvious neurological disorders and 60 control subjects. (2) To assess the chronic effect of organophosphorus insecticides in the environment, the urinary dialkylphosphate concentrations and outcome parameters such as cardiac autonomic nervous and neuromotor functions were examined in 339 Japanese adults who were engaged in the food distribution, apple farming and pest control operation. (3) To examine whether the critical level of lead producing adverse effects truly differs between workers and children, an overview of studies addressing the critical level of lead in workers, along with a perspective on lead toxicity in children, was provided by using available data chosen from PubMed. (4) The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommended that the benchmark dose (BMD) approach, as an alternative to the traditionally used no-observed-adverse-effect level approach, be used as the method of choice for the determination of the reference point for deriving health-based guidance values and margins of exposure. As a result, by using the BMD approach recommended by the EFSA, human health safety may be better guaranteed because of the lower reference points for hazardous substances. However, its application to epidemiological data does not always reflect toxicological implications in light of the clinical standard.