The Multiethnic Livelihood Economy and Regular Markets in the Subtropical Regions -Cases in Hainan Island and Yunnan Province, China-

土著农民往往将农业、渔业、狩猎和采集等不同类型的生计结合起来；多样化的环境区域是在农民本土知识的基础上使用的。这与工业化社会的农民形成鲜明对比，工业化社会的农民大多依赖单一作物，对利用周围环境不太感兴趣。在本研究中，我们在中国海南省五指山地区和云南省红河地区进行了实地调查，以研究土著生存、政府主导的开发项目和自然环境之间的关系。我们试图将这种关系作为一个动态系统来评估；例如，我们发现：(1)当地居民可以利用当地的自然环境知识来减轻政府主导的开发项目的不利影响；(2)社区社会组织在环境保护中发挥了作用。中国经济的快速发展通常被认为是造成环境破坏的更大原因。2006年启动的一项国家计划（第11个五年计划）旨在实现“中等富裕”社会。通过生态系统保护、资源高效利用、环境友好型经济和社会制度来实现可持续社会是一个重要的挑战。然而，正如最近有关城市地区空气污染问题的报道所表明的那样，这些目标尚未完全实现。在我们的田野调查中，一个值得注意的发现是“市场”在维持区域社会中的基本作用。市场使家庭能够用不足的材料交换其剩余产品，这有助于该区域的可持续生存战略和避免对自然环境的过度开发。问题是，市场现在被认为是过时的、低效的经济活动场所，因此受到政府人员的重视。应重视市场在区域经济可持续发展和自然环境保护中的隐形作用，并在农村地区重新推广。少

Indigenous farmers often integrate different types of subsistence such as agriculture, fishing, hunting and gathering; diversified environmental zones are used on the basis of farmers’ indigenous knowledge. It is contrasting to farmers in industrialized societies who mostly depend on mono-cropping and are less interested in utilizing surrounding environment. In the present study, we conducted fieldworks in Wuzhishan region in Hainan Province and in Honghe region in Yunnan Province, China, for investing the relationships among indigenous subsistence, government-led developmental project and natural environment. We tried to evaluate the relationship as a dynamic system; for example, we found that (1) the people could mitigate unfavorable impacts of government-led developmental project by using indigenous knowledge about natural environment; and (2) social organization of communities played a role in environmental conservation. Rapid economic development in China is usually regarded as a … More cause of environmental destruction. A national initiative launched in 2006 (the 11th five-year plan) aimed at achieving “moderately affluent” society. The important challenge is to implement sustainable society by ecosystem conservation, efficient resource use, environmentally sound economy and social system. Yet, as symbolized by recent reports of air pollution problems in urban areas, the goals have not been fully accomplished. One notable finding in our fieldworks is the fundamental role of “market” in maintenance of regional society. Market has enabled households to exchange their surplus production with deficient materials, which contributed to sustainable survival strategies in the region and to avoid over exploitation of natural environment. The problem is that market is nowadays regarded as old-fashioned and not-efficient places for economic activity and thus is underscored by the government people. They should notice invisible function of market in sustainability of regional economy as well as conservation of natural environment, and re-promote it in rural parts of China. Less