Representations of Shame in Modern American Literature and Culture

本研究的目的是概念化的耻辱，在现代美国文学创作之间的1860年和1950年。特别是在日本的学术环境中，自从人类学家鲁思·本尼迪克特（Ruth Benedict）出版了《菊花与剑》（The Chrysanthemum and Sword，1946）之后，我们似乎已经失去了将羞耻感作为美国文化的一种属性来积极思考的合理依据。然而，一旦仔细研究，美国文学充满了羞耻的表现。这个项目旨在验证一个框架的耻辱作为一个典型的美国经验。最关键的因素，产生强大的影响是历史上转移的种族关系在美国的承认通过文学，历史和理论来源的密切调查，我已经探索了一个坚实的和肥沃的美国文化层，其中文学作家试图发展代表性的耻辱作为资源的道德和政治模式的自我介绍。

This study aims at conceptualizing shame as represented in modern American literature written between 1860 and 1950. Particularly in Japanese scholarly circumstances, since the publication of _The Chrysanthemum and Sword_ (1946) by anthropologist Ruth Benedict, we seem to have lost reasonable grounds for positively contemplating shame as a property of American culture. Once carefully investigated, however, American literature is full of representations of shame. This project aims at authenticating a framework of shame as a quintessential American experience. The most crucial element that engenders the powerful affect is the recognition of historically shifted racial relationship in the U.S. By a close investigation of literary, historical and theoretical sources, I have explored a solid and fertile layer of American culture, in which literary authors have attempted to develop representations of shame as resources for an ethical and political mode of self-presentation.