The Changing Ideas of Furnishings and Upholstery as Represented inRealist Novels in the Long Nineteenth Century.

十九世纪的现实主义小说往往包含对家具和室内装饰的表现，特别是与人物的身份问题和他们攀登社会阶梯的愿望有关。这些小说包括查尔斯·狄更斯、安东尼·特罗洛普、乔治·吉辛和亨利·詹姆斯的作品。如果独立于其他小说家的作品和他的室内装饰的当代文化背景来考察，这些表现往往被解释为每个小说家文学技艺的一部分。然而，在整个十九世纪设计改革运动的背景下研究它们，就会发现这些表现精心地反映了十九世纪家具和室内装潢的社会文化内涵。

The nineteenth-century realist novels often contain the representations of furnishings and upholstery, especially in connection with the identity issue of characters and their desire to climb the social ladder. Those novels include works by Charles Dickens, Anthony Trollope, George Gissing, and Henry James. These representations tend to be interpreted as a part of literary craftsmanship of each novelist, if examined independently of other novelists’ works and his contemporary cultural context of interior decoration. However, studying them together in the context of design reform movement throughout the nineteenth century reveals that those representations elaborately reflect the nineteenth-century socio-cultural connotations of furnishings and upholstery.