Study on the Domestic and International Labor Migration in the Process of Economic Development of East Asia: With Special Reference to the Case of Vietnam

经济发展是劳动力从农村向城市转移的过程，但在东亚，由于转移成本高，这种转移并不顺利。农村劳动力过剩与城市劳动力短缺并存。关于非熟练工人的国际移徙，可以看到，移徙往往是通过非正规渠道，包括非法路线进行的。移民的高成本负担和恶劣的工作条件也是应该考虑的问题。根据我们的研究结果，我们建议，发展国内劳动力市场和创造就业的发展政策应是最优先的，以避免工人的不情愿的国际移徙。同样重要的是，在非贸易行业的国际移徙情况下，应采取措施减少工人的迁移费用，减少他们对移徙目的地的疏离感。

Economic development is a process in which labor moves from rural to urban areas, but in East Asia, due to high moving cost, such movement has not occurred smoothly. Labor surplus in rural areas and labor shortage in urban areas coexist. Regarding the international migration of unskilled workers, it can be observed that migration has often been made through informal channels including illegal routes. High-cost burden on migrants and poor working conditions are also problems which should be considered. Based on the results of our studies, we recommend that the development of domestic labor market and employment generating development policy should be the highest priority, in order to avoid the unwilling international migration of workers. It is also important that in the case of international migration in the industries which are non-tradable, measures should be taken to reduce the moving cost burdened by workers, and reduce their feeling of alienation in the destination of migration.