Speciation in sexually deceptive orchids

欧菲兰模仿雌性昆虫的性信息素，从而吸引雄性授粉。花的气味受到传粉者的选择性影响，物种形成可能是由花气味的变化驱动的。本研究的目的是探讨杂交和渐渗的作用，在物种形成和辐射过程中的性欺骗兰花属的。在一个比较的方法，我们将调查混合群和同域发生的Ophrys类群的O。马略卡岛和撒丁岛上的fusca集团。我们将使用高度可变的标记结合杂交群体和亲本物种的形态测量进行分子分析，以界定物种，并为我们提供杂交植物与其亲本物种（杂交状态，内向）的遗传关系的信息。第二，我们将进行联合气相色谱和触角电位记录昆虫嗅觉反应（GC-EAD）与杂交种和亲本物种的标签提取物。第三，GC-EAD活性化合物将通过气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）鉴定，并将杂交种的气味与亲本物种产生的气味进行比较。第四，行为实验将显示单花对两个亲本物种的传粉者的吸引力。我们将能够使用单个植物的花朵进行化学分析和形态测量，并使用植物组织进行分子分析。基因型和表型变异（气味，形态）的最后比较将使我们深入了解杂交，渐渗和物种形成的过程中所调查的类群的O。fusca群

Ophrys orchids mimic the sex pheromone of female insects and thereby attract males for pollination. The scent of the flowers is selectively influenced by the pollinators and speciation is probably driven by changes in floral odour. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of hybridisation and introgression in processes of speciation and radiation in sexually deceptive orchids of the genus Ophrys. In a comparative approach, we will investigate hybrid swarms and sympatrically occurring Ophrys taxa of the O. fusca group on Majorca and Sardinia. We will perform molecular analyses using highly variable markers in combination with morphometric measurements on hybrid swarms and of the parental species to delimit species and provide us with information on the genetic relationship of hybrid plants to their parental species (hybrid status, introression). Second, we will perform combined gas chromatography and electroantennogram recording of insect olfactory responses (GC-EAD) with labella extracts of hybrids and parental species. Third, the GC-EAD active compounds will be identified by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the bouquets of hybrids compared with the odour bouquets produced by the parental species. Fourth, behavioural experiments will show attractiveness of single flowers for pollinators of both parent species. We will be able to use from individual plants flowers for chemical analyses and morphometric measurement and plant tissue for molecular analyses. A final comparison of genotype and phenotype variation (odour, morphology) will give us insight in processes of hybridisation, introgression and speciation within the investigated taxa of the O. fusca group.