Examining Effort-Based Reward Processing and Lifetime Stress in Relation to Depression during Adolescence

项目总结/摘要 青春期是一个以奖励反应性增加为特征的发展时期;它也反映了一个高- 出现抑郁症的风险期。青春期是确定风险因素的理想时期， 完善抑郁症的发展和病理生理模型的特异性。大多数研究表明， 奖励处理在发展和抑郁中的作用研究了奖励喜好，如指数所示。 奖励积极性（RewP）事件相关脑电位（ERP）;然而，以前的工作表明，奖励 处理可以更好地概念化，在多个方面，除了喜欢，包括想要一个 这一过程也在抑郁症中受损。使用我们小组开发的一种新颖的努力-回报任务， 该研究是为了确定努力支出对多个奖励处理阶段的影响（即，努力- 基于奖励处理）使用几个ERP在一个良好的特点青少年样本。在拟议的研究中， 150名青少年（14至17岁）和他们的照顾者从大塔拉哈西，佛罗里达州社区将完成 自我报告问卷和临床访谈作为一项正在进行的纵向研究的三年随访的一部分， study.青少年将完成努力门任务，以引出与多个奖励处理阶段相关的ERP： 努力完成，奖励预期，以及对奖励接收的敏感性。与发展研究一致， 我们预测年龄与努力对奖励处理的多个阶段的较大影响有关，例如， 年龄较大的青少年将在高努力后的多个奖励加工阶段表现出更大的ERP（Aim 1）。在抑郁症方面，我们预测抑郁症状的增加将与基于迟钝的努力有关。 奖励处理，这样，努力对多个奖励处理阶段的影响将在 抑郁症状增加的青少年（目标2）。这项研究的第二个目标是阐明 与抑郁症相关的素质压力模型。这项拟议中的研究还将研究终身压力是否 暴露，如使用青少年压力和逆境清单测量，影响与特定或 奖励过程的多个阶段-以及终身压力暴露是否与特定奖励相互作用 处理阶段来解释抑郁症的新症状。我们预测，一生的压力暴露将 强化努力对高努力完成后奖励处理的影响（目标3）。我们还预测， 终身压力暴露的增加将与奖励处理多个阶段的缺陷相互作用，以解释 青少年抑郁症状增加（目标4）。拟议的研究将提供以下方面的专门知识： 发展心理病理学，拓宽知识的多种奖励相关的过程和他们的 评估，并在新出现的情况下提供临床面谈和生活压力评估方面的培训。 萧条该奖学金有可能确定多种奖励相关的赤字和增加寿命 压力暴露作为与新出现的抑郁症相关的因素，阐明了抑郁症的发病机制- 并建立新的目标，可以在未来的研究中研究干预和预防策略。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by increased reward responsivity; it also reflects a high- risk period for the emergence of depression. Adolescence represents an ideal time to identify risk factors and refine the specificity of models of the development and pathophysiology of depression. Most research elucidating the role of reward processing during development and depression has studied reward liking, as indexed by the reward positivity (RewP) event-related brain potential (ERP); however, previous work indicates that reward processing may be better conceptualized in terms of multiple aspects beyond liking, including wanting—a process also impaired in depression. Using a novel effort-reward task developed by our group, the primary goal the research is to determine the impact of effort expenditure on multiple reward processing stages (i.e., effort- based reward processing) using several ERPs in a well-characterized adolescent sample. In the proposed study, 150 adolescents (aged 14 to 17) and their caregivers from the greater Tallahassee, FL community will complete self-report questionnaires and clinical interviews as part of three-year follow-up visit of an ongoing longitudinal study. Adolescents will complete the effort-doors task to elicit ERPs linked to multiple reward processing stages: effort complete, reward anticipation, and sensitivity to reward receipt. Consistent with developmental research, we predict age to be associated with a larger impact of effort on multiple stages of reward processing, such that older adolescents will exhibit larger ERPs across multiple stages of reward processing following high effort (Aim 1). In terms of depression, we predict that increased depressive symptoms will relate to blunted effort-based reward processing, such that the impact of effort on multiple reward processing stages will be potentiated among adolescents with increased depressive symptoms (Aim 2). A secondary goal of this research is to elucidate diathesis-stress models in relation to depression. The proposed study will also examine whether lifetime stress exposure, as measured using the Adolescent Stress and Adversity Inventory, impacts ERPs linked to specific or multiple stages of reward processing–and whether lifetime stress exposure interacts with specific reward processing stages to explain emerging symptoms of depression. We predict that lifetime stress exposure will potentiate the impact of effort on reward processing following high effort completion (Aim 3). We also predict that increased lifetime stress exposure will interact with deficits in multiple stages of reward processing to explain increased depressive symptoms among adolescents (Aim 4). The proposed study will provide expertise in developmental psychopathology, broaden knowledge of multiple reward-related processes and their measurement, and provide training in clinical interviewing and life stress assessment in the context of emerging depression. This fellowship has the potential to identify multiple reward-related deficits and increased lifetime stress exposure as factors related to emerging depression that elucidate the etiopathogenesis of depression— and establish novel targets that can be studied in intervention and prevention strategies in future research.