Perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability and applicability

VALHALLA将开发钙钛矿太阳能电池和组件，其功率转换效率超过26%（组件为23%），外估寿命为25年，以减少钙钛矿光伏对环境影响的生态设计原则为指导：可扩展的生产工艺，无有害溶剂，优化材料使用，循环性和可回收性。只有铅基钙钛矿已经证明了能够达到目标性能水平的效率和稳定性。因此，在VALHALLA，我们主要关注铅基钙钛矿。我们将开发含有铅螯合材料的创新封装方法，即使在损坏的模块中也能保留所有铅。将演示循环性，包括铅的完全报废回收。我们将重点关注真空和混合加工，在生产过程中消除有毒和有害溶剂的使用。为了增加这种可持续技术的应用范围，VALHALLA将开发具有三个带隙范围的刚性、柔性和半透明钙钛矿，以及他们优化的电荷传输材料。了解电池和模块在室外操作条件下的降解机制，并开发有意义的钙钛矿加速室内稳定性测试将是VALHALLA的关键目标。稳定性的方法将从全局角度出发，从对钙钛矿缺陷、成分和结构对内在稳定性的作用的理论理解到模块封装和互连设计的开发，从而实现更长的使用寿命。能源产量评估将基于三个不同的欧洲地点的室外应力模块进行。

VALHALLA will develop perovskite solar cells and modules with power conversion efficiencies above 26% (23% for modules) and an extrapolated lifetime > 25 years, guided by eco-design principles that decrease the environmental impact of perovskite photovoltaics: scalable production processes, no harmful solvents, optimised use of materials, circularity and recyclability. Only lead-based perovskites have demonstrated efficiencies and stabilities that enable to reach the targeted performance levels. Therefore, in VALHALLA we focus primarily on lead based perovskites. We will develop innovative encapsulation methods containing lead-chelating materials that detain all lead even in broken modules. Circularity will be demonstrated, including a full end-of-life recovery of lead. We will focus on vacuum and hybrid processing that eliminates the use of toxic and harmful solvents during production. To increase the range of application of this sustainable technology, VALHALLA will develop rigid, flexible and semi-transparent perovskites with three bandgap ranges together with their optimized charge transport materials. Understanding the degradation mechanisms of both cells and modulesin outdoor operating conditions and developing meaningful accelerated indoor stability tests for perovskite will be a key target of VALHALLA. The approach to stability will be from a global angle, from the theoretical understanding of the role of perovskite defects, composition, and architecture on the intrinsic stability to the development of module encapsulation and interconnection design that will enable long operational lifetime. An energy yield assessment will be performed based on outdoor stressed modules in three different European locations.