Targeting Oncostatin M-Receptor to Suppress Metastasis and Therapy Failure

摘要 癌细胞的转移扩散和复发与治疗失败密切相关，这仍然是一个重要的问题。 转移性三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）患者的重要临床挑战。两个重要 调节TNBC转移和复发的因素是：（i）癌细胞的分化状态，和 (ii)免疫系统的功能在 肿瘤微环境（TME）。癌细胞和 免疫细胞受到细胞因子制瘤素M（OSM）和干扰素β（IFNB）的高度影响。我们发现 OSM和IFNB的作用在调节癌细胞分化和免疫调节中彼此相反， 在TME中的系统功能。OSM及其受体（OSMR）在侵袭性， 转移性和治疗抗性复发性癌症，如TNBC。从机制上讲，OSM/OSMR非常强大 STAT 3的激活，其与SMAD 3形成转录复合物，并诱导干细胞样/间充质细胞 增强TNBC侵袭性和对化疗和免疫疗法的抵抗力的计划。而且 STAT 3和SMAD 3在共同依赖的基因启动子上的合作产生了促炎性、肿瘤- 通过抑制免疫活化IFNB的产生和诱导免疫抑制性IFNB来促进TME， 细胞因子恢复IFNB信号传导可防止和逆转由IFNB刺激的干细胞样/间充质编程。 OSMR和STAT 3/SMAD 3。因此，STAT 3和SMAD 3之间的合作将成为一种新的解决方案。 信号传导轴代表转移进展和肿瘤复发的关键步骤。基于这些和其他 令人信服的发现，我们将测试的假设，OSM之间的相对平衡：STAT 3/SMAD 3和 IFNB：TNBC细胞和免疫细胞中的STAT 1/2信号传导决定了转移性复发，最终，患者 结果。我们将在两个特定目标中测试这个假设：目标1将确定IFNB如何抑制OSMR- 介导的STAT 3/SMAD 3共依赖基因表达; Aim 2将定义OSMR/ERK信号传导如何激活 STAT 3/SMAD 3驱动干细胞样/间充质重编程和抑制IFNB/ISG。在一起， 从我们的研究结果将提供一个更好的理解的分子机制，OSM 和IFNB相互拮抗，并测试新的治疗方法，以将平衡转向活性 IFNB：STAT 1/2和远离OSMR：STAT 3/SMAD 3在TNBC和免疫细胞中，目的是改善 转移性TNBC患者的结局。

ABSTRACT The metastatic spread of cancer cells and recurrence are intimately linked to therapy failure, which remains an important clinical challenge for patients with metastatic Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). Two important factors that regulate TNBC metastasis and recurrence are: (i) the differentiation status of the cancer cells, and (ii) the functionality of the immune system within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Both the cancer cells and the immune cells are highly influenced by the cytokines Oncostatin M (OSM) and Interferon-beta (IFNB). We find that the actions of OSM and IFNB oppose one another in regulating both cancer cell differentiation and immune system function within the TME. OSM and its receptor (OSMR) are frequently upregulated in aggressive, metastatic and therapy-resistant recurrent cancers, such as TNBC. Mechanistically, OSM/OSMR elicits robust activation of STAT3, which forms a transcriptional complex with SMAD3, and induces stem-like/mesenchymal programs that enhance TNBC aggressiveness and resistance to chemo- and immuno-therapy. Moreover, the cooperation of STAT3 and SMAD3 on co-dependent gene promoters produces a pro-inflammatory, tumor- promoting TME by suppressing the production of immune-activating IFNB and inducing immune-inhibitory cytokines. Restoring IFNB signaling prevents and reverses stem-like/mesenchymal programming stimulated by OSMR and STAT3/SMAD3. Thus, the cooperation between STAT3 and SMAD3 to inactivate IFNB :STAT1/2 signaling axis represents a key step in metastatic progression and tumor recurrence. Based on these and other compelling findings, we will test the hypothesis that the relative balance between OSM:STAT3/SMAD3 and IFNB :STAT1/2 signaling in both TNBC cells and immune cells dictates metastatic relapse and ultimately, patient outcomes. We’ll test this hypothesis in two Specific Aims: Aim 1 will determine how IFNB suppresses OSMR- mediated STAT3/SMAD3 co-dependent gene expression; Aim 2 will define how OSMR/ERK signaling activates STAT3/SMAD3 to drive stem-like/mesenchymal reprogramming and the suppression of IFNB/ISGs. Together, the results from our studies will provide a greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which OSM and IFNB antagonize one another and test novel therapeutic approaches to shift the balance towards active IFNB :STAT1/2 and away from OSMR:STAT3/SMAD3 in both TNBC and immune cells, with the goal of improving outcomes for patients with metastatic TNBC.