Attention, Orientation and the Human Prefrontal Cortex

摘要 前额叶皮层（PFC）在协调人类行为的分布式神经网络中起着关键作用。 值得注意的是，PFC功能障碍是观察到许多衰弱的发展，神经和精神 紊乱这强调了需要改进的生理学知识， 行为，以更好地了解这些毁灭性的神经心理障碍。过去二十年 在动物和人类中进行的PFC研究呈指数级增长，但仍存在许多问题。 颅内脑电图记录（iEEG）在人类提供了一个强大的方法，以评估时空 网络活动的结构使地方和区域间的动态都能得到反映。局部神经激活是 用高频活动（HFA; 70-200 Hz）和单单位活动（SUA）测量。区域间互动 使用包括相位斜率指数，定向相位振幅耦合， 格兰杰因果关系、互信息和单次试验HFA潜伏期发作。我们将联合收割机 使用iEEG记录的网络方法来解决PFC依赖功能的四个核心领域，包括 注意力、工作记忆、学习和人际交往。目标1借鉴了我们之前的iEEG工作 记录工作记忆（WM）和节律性PFC中的外侧PFC-海马θ带参与， 大脑皮层在θ范围内的注意取样。在这里，我们测试的假设，共享和独特的θ 网络支持WM和注意力。重要的是，我们记录来自同一个人使用相同的刺激 不同之处仅在于任务要求。在第二项研究中，我们采用了一个自然的老虎机赌博任务， 假设轨道PFC-岛-前扣带相互作用跟踪车轮旋转预期 决定满意度和再次旋转的动机。老虎机的期望操纵 我们雇用的是赌场禁止的，因为它有强大的继续赌博的动力。目标2评估反馈- 在两项研究中进行学习。一个假设是基于规则的概念中的侧PFC-海马相互作用 学习，另一个提出了轨道PFC-海马相互作用在灵活响应 不断变化的结果目标3提出了新的双重iEEG研究，研究如何相互作用 人类交流知识。一个任务需要转移有关物品的知识， 研究非语言的社会交流。双iEEG涉及两个相互作用的患者的记录， 初步数据表明，在PFC-海马-前扣带回回路中， 知识交流。总之，拟议的工作将促进我们对PFC如何 依赖网络支持目标导向的人类行为。

Abstract Prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a pivotal role in distributed neural networks orchestrating human behavior. Notably, PFC dysfunction is observed in numerous debilitating developmental, neurological and psychiatric disorders. This emphasizes the need for improved knowledge of the physiology implementing goal-directed behavior to better understand these devastating neuropsychological impairments. The last two decades have seen an exponential increase of PFC research in animals and humans but numerous questions remain. Intracranial EEG recording (iEEG) in humans provides a powerful method to assess the spatial-temporal structure of network activity enabling imaging of both local and inter-areal dynamics. Local neural activation is measured with high frequency activity (HFA; 70-200 Hz) and single-unit activity (SUA). Inter-areal interactions are assessed using connectivity metrics including phase slope index, directional phase amplitude coupling, Granger causality, mutual information and single-trial HFA latency onsets. We combine these local and network approaches with iEEG recordings to address four core areas of PFC dependent function including attention, working memory, learning and interpersonal communication. Aim 1 draws on our prior iEEG work documenting lateral PFC-hippocampal theta band engagement in working memory (WM) and rhythmic PFC- Parietal attentional sampling in the theta range. Here we test the hypothesis that shared and distinct theta networks support WM and attention. Critically, we record from the same individual utilizing identical stimuli differing only in task requirements. In a second study, we employ a naturalistic slot machine gambling task positing that orbital PFC-insular- anterior cingulate interactions track wheel-spinning expectations determining both satisfaction and the motivation to spin again. The slot machine expectation manipulation we employ is banned in casinos given its powerful drive to continue gambling. Aim 2 assesses feedback- based learning in two studies. One posits lateral PFC-hippocampal interactions in rule-based concept learning, the other proposes a central role for orbital PFC-hippocampal interactions in flexibly responding to changing outcome contingencies. Aim 3 proposes novel dual iEEG studies examining how interacting humans exchange knowledge. One task requires transferring knowledge about items and a second examines non-verbal social communication. Dual iEEG involves recording from two interacting patients and preliminary data indicates synchrony between patients in PFC-hippocampal-anterior cingulate circuits during knowledge exchange. Taken together, the proposed work will advance our understanding of how PFC dependent networks support goal-directed human behavior.