Project B: Transmission I Vector Bionomics

摘要 过去五年在控制疟疾方面取得了很大进展，估计 全球死于疟疾的人数为60%，疟疾病例下降了37%。尽管采取了消除措施 根据许多国家的战略，撒哈拉以南非洲仍然承担着全球疟疾负担的大部分，其中 在世界这一地区每年发生的43.8万人死亡中，超过90%的人死亡。矢量控制是主流 然而，尽管继续提供这种干预措施，但在许多地方仍有传播 区域。造成这一现象的一个主要因素是矢量的空间和时间异质性，这在一定程度上推动了 在全球和国家范围内观察到的疟疾传播生物学和流行病学方面的差异。 昆虫学数据对于指导适当、有效和具有成本效益的疟疾干预措施和 可以找出现有控制措施中的差距；然而，疟疾流行国家的大多数政府缺乏 用于开展详细的媒介动力学研究的资源。在基础设施的基础上， 由南部非洲国际经济、社会和文化权利中心发展的专门知识和关系，并利用4年多的 根据该研究产生的昆虫学数据，该项目旨在定义和推断媒介的风险 在北部高传输环境下进行方案控制的情况下的暴露 赞比亚/刚果民主共和国交界处和赞比亚南部的低传播环境。它是 预计病媒的组成和行为将因地域而异，从而导致不同的流行病学 在每一种环境中的疾病。包括室内和室外叮咬按蚊的总概况，重点是 二次媒介，将提供对媒介生物学和残差的更全面的理解 变速箱。覆盖了人类行为数据的媒介活动将允许量化接触 不能通过室内针对性的干预措施来控制。人类吸引力的异质性将被研究 使用最先进的人类气味分析技术。我们将使用来自卫星的变量和气候数据 固定气象站和遥感气象站都可以在一段时间内生成昆虫学风险图 研究区域和延伸到无法进行昆虫学采集的区域。最后，我们会 利用媒介蚊子中寄生虫遗传多样性的变化作为成功控制媒介的指标 以及减少赞比亚和刚果民主共和国高传输环境中的传输。这些数据将有助于指导 更好地针对和评估这些地区和类似生态地区的控制干预措施。

Abstract Progress in the control of malaria has been substantial in the past five years, with estimated reductions in global deaths due to malaria at 60% and cases of malaria down by 37%. Despite the adoption of elimination strategies by many countries, sub-Saharan Africa still bears the majority of the global malaria burden, with more than 90% of the 438,000 annual deaths occurring in this part of the world. Vector control is the mainstay of malaria prevention, yet despite continued delivery of such interventions, transmission persists in many areas. A major factor contributing to this is the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of vectors that, in part, drive the differences observed in malaria transmission biology and epidemiology at both global and national scales. Entomological data is essential in guiding appropriate, effective, and cost-efficient malaria interventions and can identify gaps in existing control measures; however, most governments of malaria endemic countries lack the resources to carry out detailed investigations of vector dynamics. Building upon the infrastructure, expertise, and relationships developed by the Southern Africa ICEMR, and utilizing the more than 4 years of entomologic data generated under that study, this projects aims to define and extrapolate risk of vector exposure in the context of ongoing programmatic control at a high transmission setting along the northern Zambia/Democratic Republic of Congo border and at a low transmission setting in southern Zambia. It is expected that vector composition and behaviors will differ geographically, resulting in the varied epidemiology of disease in each setting. A total profile, including both indoor and outdoor biting anophelines, with a focus on secondary vectors, will provide a much more comprehensive understanding of vector biology and residual transmission. Vector activity overlaid with data of human behavior will allow quantification of exposure that cannot be controlled by indoor-targeted interventions. Heterogeneity in human attractiveness will be studied using state-of-the-art analyses of human odors. We will use satellite-derived variables and climate data from both stationary weather stations and those remotely sensed to generate entomological risk maps over time for the study areas and extend to areas where entomological collections cannot be conducted. Finally, we will utilize changes in parasite genetic diversity in vector mosquitoes as an indicator of successful vector control and reduction of transmission in high transmission settings in Zambia and the DRC. These data will help guide better targeting and evaluation of control interventions in these areas and areas with similar ecology.