Effects of bilingual language control on speaking

项目总结/摘要 双语带来了迷人的认知和神经适应，被认为是由 语言控制的日常练习，一套确保使用适当语言的心理过程。 最高的控制要求是由双语环境（近距离讲两种语言）强加的。 继承，但不同的个体;自适应控制假说，Abutalebi和绿色，2013年）。了解 语言控制和双语适应，是了解语言控制如何在 自然主义的语言产生以及它如何与说话过程相互作用。然而，这是目前 未知-现有的证据来自有限的实验室任务，主要涉及说单个单词。 当前的研究将通过确定语言控制在学习过程中的影响来解决这一差距 自然主义的语言生产在双语言环境。西班牙语-英语双语者占主导地位 英文将描述实验室创建的短视频的内容。在双语会议上，他们将发言 语言A在语言B之前和之后。在单一语言会话中，他们将只讲语言A， 在分心物任务之前和之后。在实验1和3中，语言A将是非主导语言， 在实验2和实验4中，语言A将成为主导语言。拟议的研究将确定 双语语言控制对口语质量和流利性的影响和增加的认知负荷，以测试 语言控制理论的预测。(1)实验1-2将确定语言控制对 预定的语音特征。理论和证据都预测语速变慢，停顿更多， 更少的单词，更少的唯一单词和更高频率的单词， 抑制作用一个新的假设是测试，不利影响，其中一些特点，帮助其他人留下来 不受影响(2)实验3-4将通过测量语言控制的认知负荷来建立语言控制的附加认知负荷。 一组双语者同时敲击训练序列的比率。缓慢的挖掘将索引更多 努力语言控制理论预测，抑制的应用是认知努力。(3)时间- 通过分析敲击频率随时间的变化来研究语言控制的过程，以进一步 限制语言控制理论。 拟议的研究将确定双语生产动态对自然主义的影响， 语言生产，并将增加对人类认知的理解。它具有重要的临床意义。它 将有助于确定区分健康和受损语言的标准， 努力的语言使用的背景下，并通知研究，旨在理解受损的双语讲话。 语音特征的分析可以帮助早期诊断无法治愈的神经退行性疾病， 阿尔茨海默病（Ostrand & Gunstad，2020）。实施拟议的研究还将准备 为研究事业服务不足的学生。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Bilingualism brings fascinating cognitive and neural adaptations, thought to be brought about by the daily practice of language control, a set of mental processes ensuring the use of the appropriate language(s). The highest control demands are imposed by a dual-language context (speaking two languages in close succession but to different individuals; Adaptive Control Hypothesis, Abutalebi & Green, 2013). To understand language control and bilingual adaptations, it is key to understand how language control unfolds during naturalistic language production and how it interacts with the speaking process. However, this is currently unknown – existing evidence comes from constrained lab tasks, mostly involving saying single words. The current study will address this gap by determining the effects of language control during naturalistic language production in a dual language context. Spanish-English bilinguals dominant in English will describe the content of lab-created short videos. In a Two-language session, they will speak Language A before and after Language B. In a Single-language session, they will speak only Language A, before and after a distractor task. In Experiments 1 and 3, Language A will be the non-dominant language, and in Experiments 2 and 4, Language A will be the dominant language. The proposed research will determine the effects and added cognitive load of bilingual language control on speaking quality and fluency, to test predictions of language control theories. (1) Experiments 1-2 will establish the effects of language control on predetermined speech characteristics. Both theory and evidence predict slower speech rate, more pauses, fewer words, fewer unique words and higher-frequency words during both application and recovery from inhibition. A novel hypothesis is tested that adverse effects on some of these characteristics help others stay unaffected. (2) Experiments 3-4 will establish the added cognitive load of language control by measuring the rates of concurrent tapping of a trained sequence by one group of bilinguals. Slower tapping will index more effort. Language control theories predict that the application of inhibition is cognitively effortful. (3) The time- course of language control will be examined by analyzing changes of tapping rates across time, to further constrain language control theories. The proposed research will determine the effects of bilingual production dynamics on naturalistic language production, and will increase understanding of human cognition. It has major clinical implications. It will help determine criteria to distinguish healthy from impaired speech, establish potentially more cognitively effortful contexts of language use, and inform research aimed at understanding impaired bilingual speech. Analyses of speech characteristics could aid early diagnosis of incurable neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (Ostrand & Gunstad, 2020). Implementation of the proposed research will also prepare underserved students for research careers.