Effects of bilingual language control on speaking

项目摘要/摘要 双语带来了令人着迷的认知和神经适应，被认为是由 日常练习语言控制，一套确保使用恰当语言的心理过程(S)。 最高的控制要求是由双语环境施加的(近距离说两种语言 继承，但对不同的个体；适应控制假说，阿布塔莱比和格林，2013)。要理解 语言控制和双语适应，关键是要了解语言控制是如何在 自然主义语言的产生及其与说话过程的相互作用。然而，这是目前 未知-现有证据来自受限的实验室任务，主要涉及说一个词。 目前的研究将通过确定语言控制的影响来解决这个差距 双重语言语境中的自然主义语言生成。西班牙语-英语双语者占主导地位 英语将描述实验室制作的短视频的内容。在两种语言的会话中，他们将发言 语言B之前和之后的语言A。在单一语言会话中，他们将只说语言A， 在分心任务之前和之后。在实验1和实验3中，语言A将是非主导语言，并且 在实验2和实验4中，语言A将成为主导语言。拟议的研究将确定 双语语言控制对口语质量和流利性的影响及其认知负荷测试 语言控制理论的预测。(1)实验1-2将确定语言控制对语言的影响 预先确定的语音特征。理论和证据都预测语速会变慢，停顿会更多， 在使用和恢复过程中使用的单词更少，独特的单词和高频单词更少 抑制力。一项新的假设被检验，即对这些特征中的一些特征的不利影响有助于其他特征的保留 不受影响。(2)实验3-4将通过测量语言控制力来确定语言控制的额外认知负荷。 一组双语者同时敲击一个训练序列的速率。攻丝速度越慢，索引越多 努力。语言控制理论预测，抑制的应用在认知上是费力的。(3)以下时间- 将通过分析敲击率随时间的变化来检查语言控制的过程，以进一步 限制语言控制理论。 拟议中的研究将确定双语生产动态对自然主义的影响 语言的产生，并将增加对人类认知的理解。它具有重大的临床意义。它 将有助于确定区分健康和受损语言的标准，潜在地建立更多的认知 努力了解语言使用的语境，并为旨在理解双语受损言语的研究提供信息。 对语音特征的分析有助于早期诊断无法治愈的神经退行性疾病，如 阿尔茨海默病(Ostrand&Gunstad，2020)。实施拟议的研究还将准备 在研究生涯中没有得到充分服务的学生。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Bilingualism brings fascinating cognitive and neural adaptations, thought to be brought about by the daily practice of language control, a set of mental processes ensuring the use of the appropriate language(s). The highest control demands are imposed by a dual-language context (speaking two languages in close succession but to different individuals; Adaptive Control Hypothesis, Abutalebi & Green, 2013). To understand language control and bilingual adaptations, it is key to understand how language control unfolds during naturalistic language production and how it interacts with the speaking process. However, this is currently unknown – existing evidence comes from constrained lab tasks, mostly involving saying single words. The current study will address this gap by determining the effects of language control during naturalistic language production in a dual language context. Spanish-English bilinguals dominant in English will describe the content of lab-created short videos. In a Two-language session, they will speak Language A before and after Language B. In a Single-language session, they will speak only Language A, before and after a distractor task. In Experiments 1 and 3, Language A will be the non-dominant language, and in Experiments 2 and 4, Language A will be the dominant language. The proposed research will determine the effects and added cognitive load of bilingual language control on speaking quality and fluency, to test predictions of language control theories. (1) Experiments 1-2 will establish the effects of language control on predetermined speech characteristics. Both theory and evidence predict slower speech rate, more pauses, fewer words, fewer unique words and higher-frequency words during both application and recovery from inhibition. A novel hypothesis is tested that adverse effects on some of these characteristics help others stay unaffected. (2) Experiments 3-4 will establish the added cognitive load of language control by measuring the rates of concurrent tapping of a trained sequence by one group of bilinguals. Slower tapping will index more effort. Language control theories predict that the application of inhibition is cognitively effortful. (3) The time- course of language control will be examined by analyzing changes of tapping rates across time, to further constrain language control theories. The proposed research will determine the effects of bilingual production dynamics on naturalistic language production, and will increase understanding of human cognition. It has major clinical implications. It will help determine criteria to distinguish healthy from impaired speech, establish potentially more cognitively effortful contexts of language use, and inform research aimed at understanding impaired bilingual speech. Analyses of speech characteristics could aid early diagnosis of incurable neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (Ostrand & Gunstad, 2020). Implementation of the proposed research will also prepare underserved students for research careers.