Stimuli-responsive Delivery of Ectonucleotidase Inhibitors to Reprogram Immunometabolism in Head and Neck Cancer

总结 治疗诱导的癌症免疫受到肿瘤引起的免疫抑制机制的限制 微环境（TME）。癌症治疗触发ATP从癌细胞释放过程中， 免疫原性细胞死亡和细胞外ATP在抗肿瘤免疫的起始中起关键作用， 作为危险信号。然而，细胞外ATP通过免疫抑制剂迅速降解为免疫抑制性腺苷。 CD 39和CD 73的协同酶活性，抑制抗癌免疫力。系统性阻断这些 酶通常在正常组织中引起毒性，在正常组织中它们保护宿主免受过度免疫激活。 我们假设刺激响应性递送CD 39/CD 73抑制剂重新编程免疫代谢 选择性地在TME中，导致有效和特异性的抗癌免疫，而不产生免疫- 介导的毒性。我们已经制备了含有苯基硼酸（PBA）的纳米颗粒（NPs）用于刺激- 响应性药物递送。将CD 39抑制剂ARL 67156（ARL），一种核苷酸类似物，负载到纳米颗粒上 通过与PBA的互动。核苷类药物可以通过活性氧从纳米粒中释放出来 活性氧（ROS）介导的PBA降解。因此，我们进一步将光敏剂IR 700负载在NP上。 用NIR光照射NP产生ROS，其触发从NP释放ARL。另一方面，在一项研究中， 用NP对肿瘤细胞进行光动力疗法（PDT）引起细胞外ATP释放。被释放的ARL 阻止ATP转化为腺苷，从而延长PDT释放的ATP的免疫原性作用 和防止腺苷介导的免疫抑制。这种免疫代谢景观的变化， TME在对免疫耐受的头颈癌小鼠模型中导致了极好的肿瘤反应。 检查站封锁。在这个建议中，我们将探讨肿瘤转移后TME重编程的机制 ARL（目的1），并将通过与其他癌症组合增强CD 39抑制的抗癌活性 免疫疗法用于治疗头颈部癌症的免疫抑制性肿瘤（目的2）。成功 该项目的实施将最终导致高度癌症特异性和通用的递送系统， 癌症免疫疗法通过解决缺乏癌症特异性，这是下一代癌症发展的主要障碍， 一代免疫方案，我们将有助于一种新的方法，精确交付的 免疫疗法

Summary Therapy-induced cancer immunity is limited by immunosuppressive mechanisms posed by the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer therapy triggers ATP release from cancer cells during the course of immunogenic cell death and extracellular ATP plays a pivotal role in the initiation of antitumor immunity by acting as a danger signal. However, extracellular ATP is quickly degraded into immunosuppressive adenosine via the concerted enzymatic activities of CD39 and CD73, dampening anticancer immunity. Systemic blockage of these enzymes often causes toxicity in normal tissues, where they protect the host from excessive immune activation. We hypothesize that stimuli-responsive delivery of CD39/CD73 inhibitors reprograms immunometabolism selectively in the TME, leading to effective and specific anticancer immunity without generating immune- mediated toxicity. We have prepared phenylboronic acid (PBA)-containing nanoparticles (NPs) for stimuli- responsive drug delivery. CD39 inhibitor ARL67156 (ARL), a nucleotide analogue, was loaded to the NPs through the interaction with PBA. The nucleotide drug can be released from the NPs through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated degradation of PBA. Thus, we further loaded a photosensitizer IR700 on the NPs. Irradiation of the NPs with NIR light produced ROS that triggered ARL release from the NPs. On the other hand, photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumor cells with the NPs caused extracellular ATP release. The released ARL prevented conversion of ATP to adenosine, thereby extending the immunogenic actions by PDT-released ATP and preventing adenosine-mediated immunosuppression. This change of immunometabolism landscape in the TME led to excellent tumor response in a mouse model of head and neck cancers that is resistant to immune checkpoint blockade. In this proposal, we will explore the mechanisms for TME reprograming after tumor delivery of ARL (Aim 1), and will enhance anticancer activity of CD39 inhibition by combination with other cancer immunotherapy for treating immunosuppressive tumors of head and neck cancers (Aim 2). Successful implementation of this project will ultimately lead to highly cancer specific and versatile delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy. By addressing lack of cancer specificity, a main obstacle for the development of next- generation immunotherapeutic regimens, we will contribute to a novel approach for precision delivery of immunotherapy.