Role of particle surface functionalization in inflammation

因接触微米级颗粒(如二氧化硅、石棉等)而导致的肺部和全身疾病 最近，准备花岗岩台面的粉尘)在美国和世界各地是一个严重的健康问题 世界。不幸的是，这些疾病仍然无法治愈，部分原因是缺乏对其发病机制的信息 受伤和发炎。到目前为止，广泛的研究未能确定具有潜在潜力的关键步骤 治疗性干预。除了上述粒子暴露的潜在问题外，还有越来越多的 担心工程纳米材料(ENM)的增加使用将增加肺和全身的负担 在环境和职业环境中暴露在这些新材料中的人类疾病。我们知道 ENM的物理化学特性对其毒性和潜在危害起着重要作用。因此，有一个 迫切需要了解ENM的特定物理化学性质(例如，表面化学、电荷和 润湿性)影响细胞功能和体内炎症结果。此外，尽管MeO ENM已经被 被证明会引起炎症，导致肺纤维化，ENM诱导炎症的确切机制 目前仍不清楚。我们已经证明ENM引起吞噬溶酶体膜通透性(LMP)，导致 释放与NLRP3等下游效应有关的溶酶体蛋白 肺泡巨噬细胞的炎性小体激活和线粒体损伤，并显著促进 活体炎症和病理学。然而，负责LMP的机制，我们建议成为 ENM和二氧化硅毒性的关键限速效应仍不清楚。这种不确定性阻碍了在 颗粒诱导的炎症和纳米毒理学领域，并限制了开发有针对性的治疗 对健康的不利影响。我们的中心假设是ENM和二氧化硅的相对生物活性是 取决于定义颗粒-吞噬酶体膜相互作用的特定表面属性，从而导致 LMP。此外，我们推测ENM和二氧化硅与吞噬体膜的内部相互作用。 导致K+流过BK通道和膜超极化，引起LMP，并启动 在我们的模型中描述了炎症途径。以下目标将检验我们的中心假设并实现 我们的目标：1：合成和表征具有特定物理化学性质的MeO ENM；2：确定 MeO诱导的LMP毒性与NLRP3炎性小体激活的机制及其关系 ENM表面性质与生物活性之间的关系；以及3：证明在体外MEO ENM诱导 LMP和巨噬细胞反应定义了气雾剂暴露于选定的MeO ENM后的体内病理。它 预计这些研究将有助于阐明MEO ENM介导的主要机制 LMP，证实了LMP在巨噬细胞对ENM的反应以及在炎症和病理中的中心作用 并测试潜在的治疗方法。

Lung and systemic diseases as a result of micron-sized particle exposures (e.g., silica, asbestos, and more recently, dusts from preparation of granite countertops) are a critical health problem in the US and around the world. Unfortunately, these diseases remain untreatable in part due to lack of information on the mechanisms of injury and inflammation. To date, extensive research that has failed to identify the key steps with potential for therapeutic intervention. Adding to the potential problems of the above particle exposures, there are growing concerns that the increased use of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) will add to the burden of lung and systemic diseases in humans exposed in environmental and occupational settings to these new materials. We know that the physicochemical characteristics of ENM play a role in toxicity and hazard potential. Therefore, there is a critical need to understand how specific physicochemical properties of ENM (e.g., surface chemistry, charge and wettability) affect cell function and in vivo inflammatory outcomes. Furthermore, although MeO ENM have been shown to cause inflammation, leading to lung fibrosis, the precise mechanisms of ENM-induced inflammation remain unclear. We have demonstrated that ENM cause phagolysosomal membrane permeability (LMP), leading to release of lysosomal proteases, which have been implicated in downstream effects such as NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and mitochondrial damage in alveolar macrophages, and significantly contribute to in vivo inflammation and pathology. However, the mechanisms responsible for LMP, which we proposed to be the key rate-limiting effect of ENM and silica toxicity, remain unknown. This uncertainty impedes the progress in the field of particle-induced inflammation and nanotoxicology and limits the ability to develop targeted treatments for adverse health effects. Our central hypothesis is that the relative biological activity of ENM and silica is dependent on specific surface properties that define particle-phagolysosome membrane interactions leading to LMP. Furthermore, we postulate that ENM and silica interact with the interior of the phagolysosomal membrane leading to K+ flux through the BK channel and membrane hyperpolarization causing LMP and initiate the inflammatory pathway described in our model. The following aims will test our central hypothesis and accomplish our goals: 1: Synthesize and characterize MeO ENM with specific physicochemical properties.; 2: Determine the mechanism of MeO-induced LMP leading to toxicity and NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the relationship between ENM surface properties and biological activity; and 3: Demonstrate that in vitro MeO ENM-induced LMP and macrophage responses define in vivo pathology following aerosol exposures to selected MeO ENM. It is anticipated that these studies will help elucidate the primary mechanism responsible for MeO ENM-mediated LMP, confirm the central role of LMP in macrophage response to ENM as well as in inflammation and pathology and test potential therapeutics.