TANGO: It takes two to tango: a synergistic approach to human-machine decision making

人工智能（AI）在增强人类决策、改善认知超载和降低高风险情景中的偏见方面具有巨大潜力。然而，在此类应用中采用基于人工智能的支持系统的情况很少，主要是因为难以评估其假设、限制和意图。为了实现人工智能对个人、社会和经济的承诺，人们应该觉得他们可以信任人工智能的可靠性、理解人类需求的能力，并保证它们真正致力于帮助人类。TANGO将为混合决策支持系统（HDSS）开发理论基础和计算框架，在该系统中，人类和机器在价值观和目标方面保持一致，了解各自的优势，并共同努力达成最佳决策。为此，TANGO将发展：1)相互理解和混合决策的认知理论，直觉与审慎的决策方法，以及它们如何影响我们对人类和人工智能队友的信任。2)认知感知可解释：实现协同人机交互，使机器能够确定特定决策者（例如，外行人与专家）需要或不需要什么信息，以达成明智的决策。3)基于双向、解释增强对话的人类决策和机器学习模型的“人在环”共同进化。tango框架将在四个高影响力用例上进行评估，即支持：i)怀孕和产后妇女，ii)手术团队在术中决策，iii)贷款人员和申请人在信贷决策过程中，以及iv)公共政策制定者在设计激励措施和分配资金方面。这些案例研究的成功将使TANGO成为开发新一代协同人工智能系统的参考框架，并将加强欧洲在以人为中心的人工智能方面的领导地位。

Artificial Intelligence (AI) holds enormous potential for enhancing human decisions, improving cognitive overload and lowering bias inhigh-stakes scenarios. Adoption of AI-based support systems in such applications is however minimal, chiefly due to the difficulty ofassessing their assumptions, limitations and intentions. In order to realise the promise of AI for individuals, society and economy, peopleshould feel they can trust AIs in terms of reliability, capacity to understand the human’s needs, and guarantees that they are genuinelyaiming at helping them. TANGO will develop the theoretical basis and computational framework for hybrid decision support systems(HDSS) in which humans and machines are aligned in terms of values and goals, know their respective strengths, and work together toreach an optimal decision. To this end, TANGO will develop: 1) A cognitive theory of mutual understanding and hybrid decision making,of intuitive vs deliberative approaches to decision making and of how they affect our trust in human and AI teammates. 2) Cognitionaware explainable AIsimplementing synergistic human-machine interaction, enabling machinesto determine what information a specificdecision maker (e.g., layperson vs expert) needs, or does not need, to reach an informed decision. 3) A “Human-in-the-loop” co-evolutionof human decision making and machine learning models building on bi-directional, explanation-augmented interlocution. The TANGOframework will be evaluated on four high impact use cases, namely supporting: i) women during pregnancy and postpartum, ii) surgicalteamsin intraoperative decision making, iii) loan officers and applicantsin credit lending decision processes, and iv) public policy makersin designing incentives and allocating funds. Success in these case studies will establish TANGO as the framework of reference fordeveloping a new generation of synergistic AI systems, and will strengthen the leadership of Europe in human-centric AI.