Infant Predictors of ADHD and ASD Symptomology

项目总结/摘要 自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）和注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是两种最常见的 常见的神经发育障碍，在美国约有1/54和1/11的儿童受到影响。 分别具有高达70%的令人惊讶的高合并症率。越来越多的文献表明， 干预可以改善症状，减轻受这些疾病影响儿童的痛苦负担 和他们的家人为了使早期干预取得成功，应确定最高风险的婴儿， 以后的挑战是必要的。社会沟通缺陷、非典型注意力和运动技能挑战， 与ASD和ADHD的发展有关。然而，关于其特异性知之甚少。 这些特征是与婴儿期ASD和ADHD发展相关的独特机制。表征 婴儿的社会沟通、注意力和运动技能的特征具有较高的遗传可能性， 对于ASD，ADHD遗传可能性较高的婴儿，以及两者遗传可能性较低的婴儿。 这些疾病可以提供关于ASD和ADHD的疾病特异性症状的重要信息。 了解ASD和ADHD的跨诊断和疾病特异性特征将有助于改善筛查 工具和定制的干预措施。因此，本研究采用前瞻性纵向设计， 社交、注意力和运动技能的轨迹及其与ASD和ADHD的关系 在生命的前三年里，符合NIMH的研究领域标准（RDoC） 精神障碍的调查方法，本研究将使用生理和行为措施， 评估这些结构。此外，ASD和ADHD症状将在维度基础上进行评估。具体 目的1将提供关于ASD和ADHD的三种表型的新信息-交流，注意力， 运动技能-在有遗传风险的婴儿中，提供三组婴儿技能的早期概况。结果 这项研究将提供与ASD和ADHD遗传风险相关的症状信息。具体目标 2将研究注意力的生理测量作为ASD和ADHD神经病学的预测因子。值得注意的是， 这一目标将解决当前文献中关于注意力测量之间的关联的空白， 注意力缺陷多动症的生理和症状。最后，具体目标3将探索社会沟通的轨迹， 注意力和运动发育作为ASD和ADHD神经病学的预测因子。这些研究目标将 了解ASD和ADHD症状发展中涉及的复杂机制。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are two of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders and affect approximately 1 in 54 and 1 in 11 children in the U.S. respectively with a surprisingly high comorbidity rate of up to 70%. Growing literature suggests that early intervention can ameliorate symptoms and reduce burden of suffering for children affected by these disorders and their families. In order for early intervention to be successful, identification of infants at the highest risk for later challenges is necessary. Social communication deficits, atypical attention, and motor skills challenges have been implicated in the development of both ASD and ADHD. However, little is known about the specificity of these features as unique mechanisms related to the development of ASD and ADHD in infancy. Characterizing the profiles of social communication, attention, and motor skills across infants at an elevated genetic likelihood for ASD, infants at an elevated genetic likelihood for ADHD, and infants at a low genetic likelihood for both disorders can provide important information about disorder-specific symptoms of ASD and ADHD. Understanding transdiagnostic and disorder-specific features of ASD and ADHD will lead to improved screening tools and tailored interventions. Thus, the present study leverages a prospective, longitudinal design to study trajectories of social communication, attention, and motor skills and their relation to ASD and ADHD symptomology throughout the first three years of life. Consistent with NIMH’s Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach to investigation of mental disorders, this study will use physiological and behavioral measures to assess these constructs. Further, ASD and ADHD symptoms will be assessed on a dimensional basis. Specific Aim 1 will provide novel information about three phenotypes of ASD and ADHD – communication, attention, motor skills – in infants at genetic risk to provide an early profile of infant skills across three groups. Results from this study will provide information about symptoms associated with genetic risk for ASD and ADHD. Specific Aim 2 will investigate a physiological measure of attention as a predictor of ASD and ADHD symptomology. Notably, this aim will address a gap in current literature concerning the association between attention measured physiologically and symptoms of ADHD. Finally, Specific Aim 3 will explore trajectories of social communication, attention, and motor development as predictors for ASD and ADHD symptomology. These research aims will inform the complex mechanisms implicated in the development of ASD and ADHD symptoms.