A novel monitoring and forecasting system for the integrated management of bean seed beetle Bruchus rufimanus

为了改善对豆种甲虫的控制，该项目将开发一种新的综合虫害管理（IPM）战略，该战略基于监测系统和确定的处理阈值，以使农药使用合理化，这将是一种更可持续的长期方法，可以为英国出口市场持续供应高质量的大田大豆，并提高加工和新鲜市场的蚕豆质量。该项目将实现三个主要目标：优化一个原型监测陷阱——通过详细研究野鼠对寄主植物和昆虫产生的挥发性气味的反应，从而生产出基于最吸引人的成分混合的诱饵。将确定捕集器的最佳位置，并根据野鼠侵染模式、作物物候和作物损害情况对捕集器的渔获量进行校准。2. 根据气象数据、捕集器捕获量数据、作物生长阶段和阈值，专门为豆类生产者开发一个决策支持系统。该系统将确定害虫对作物造成损害的风险，并就治疗的必要性和最佳时间提出建议。它将作为一个基于网络的系统开发。通过独特的PGRO知识转移门户，支持并向英国豆类种植者提供系统。该项目与TSB作物保护新方法竞赛非常一致，因为它旨在通过针对一种特别有害的害虫（豆种子或野蓟甲虫）来提高作物质量和生产力，这种害虫很难发现/控制，对英国国内和出口市场的豆类生产和质量都有极大的不利影响。这将允许英国种植者通过消除不必要的应用来合理使用杀虫剂，并实现更有效，精确定时和更有针对性的喷雾应用，从而降低成本并延长可用杀虫剂产品的使用寿命。这种方法也支持现有的和新的欧盟政策、法规和要求。此外，通过合理喷洒杀虫剂和取消预防性处理，将大大减少对害虫天敌的影响，并将作物保护的总体环境影响降至最低，从而使农业工业的这一部分更具可持续性。IPM决策支持包将由英国豌豆和豆类种植者、商人和加工商赞助的PGRO协调并提供给英国豆类种植者。它提供了一个研究和发展计划，连同咨询和技术服务，以支持英国豆类的生产，并通过PGRO知识转移门户提供知识和信息。自2004年以来，尽管大量使用了杀虫剂，但糙皮虫造成的直接损害还是给该行业造成了巨大的收入损失。由于对损害的容忍度很低，野蓟病是限制供人类消费的大豆出口和国内市场增长的主要因素。英国的菜豆由于粗糙的损伤而不能达到出口质量标准，可用于动物饲料，其价值相当低。受损严重的作物甚至不适合作动物饲料。豆子的出口质量标准包括最大可接受的2%的损坏程度和种子中没有活的Bruchids。在某些年份，某些豆类作物的最大受害程度高达40%。由于没有其他出口，加工者/零售商会对蚕豆造成由粗口幼虫引起的瑕疵。因此，控制野蓟病的失败导致许多英国种植者完全放弃了豆类生产。目前这种害虫可以在英格兰的南部和东部地区发现，但随着豆类在英格兰和苏格兰边境的扩张，这种害虫进一步扩散的风险增加了，特别是，如果天气模式随着时间的推移而变化，那么夏季的温度可能更有利于英国北部和西部地区的野鼠的生存。在英国，菜豆或蚕豆（Vicia faba）是一种重要的、具有经济价值的豆科作物，因为它为牲畜提供了自产蛋白质的来源，为人类消费提供了利润丰厚的优质出口市场，并且通过不需要人工氮肥而将固定氮返回土壤而具有环境效益，并且是传粉昆虫的食物来源。为了保持具有出口潜力的连续作物，种植者需要对农艺实践有信心，以便能够始终如一地生产高质量的豆类。种植面积增加的额外潜力将进一步增加豆类作物的种植多样性和环境效益。为英国种植者提供一个可靠的本地决策支持系统，将通过确保：a)更可预测的野杂草损害程度，b)有效、准确地施用杀虫剂以达到最佳控制水平，并且不进行不必要的施用，从而恢复种植者的信心。英国为人类消费而增加的高质量、无瑕疵的豆类产量，在所有市场的年出口潜力为980万英镑，将使种植者能够更有效地与其他国家的种植者竞争。拟议的决策支持系统不同于目前在英国或欧洲使用的任何系统，因为它结合了基于网络的预测系统和监测陷阱，允许种植者在农场进行监测，但可以访问全国可用的预测系统，从而使当地能够做出作物管理决策。虽然法国也有这种害虫，但法国种植者可用的当地预警系统完全基于当地的天气预报，并且在不了解个别作物害虫活动的情况下建议采取任何处理措施。拟议中的系统不仅将改善喷洒的时机，而且将消除可能不存在害虫的预防性治疗的需要，从而提高英国种植者控制害虫的经济效益。提供决策支助系统的主要挑战将是制定有效的监测陷阱。一个陷阱的原型已经存在，并将被开发和改进，为种植者提供害虫到达作物的警报。然而，在整个项目校准和确定损害阈值期间，将比较其他监测方法，如现场计数。捕集器的渔获量将根据作物在特定生长阶段的害虫数量和虫害程度造成的损害进行校准，并将信息反馈给发展支助系统。该系统的设计和操作将基于一个已成功应用于马铃薯疫病的现有预报系统。工作中的决策支持系统会将本地气象条件（包括最高日间温度，这对野外活动很重要）与种植者的捕集量和作物生长阶段联系起来，向种植者提供有关杀虫剂施用的需要和时机的建议。

To enable improved control of the bean seed beetle, the project will develop a novel integrated pest management (IPM) strategy based on a monitoring system and defined treatment thresholds to rationalise pesticide use, and will represent a more sustainable longer-term approach to allow continuity of supply of high quality field beans for the UK export market and improved quality of broad beans for processing and the fresh market. The project will address three main objectives:1. To optimise a prototype monitoring trap - accomplished by detailed studies of bruchid response to host plant and insect produced volatile odours, thereby producing a lure based on the most attractive blend of components. The optimum position for traps will be established and the trap catch will be calibrated in relation to bruchid infestation patterns, crop phenology and crop damage. 2. To develop a Decision Support System specifically for bean producers and based on meteorological data, trap catch data, crop growth stage and thresholds. The sytem will indentify the risk to the crop of damage from the pest and advise on the need for and the optimum timing for treatment. It will be developed as a web-based system.3. Support and deliver the System to UK bean growers via the unique PGRO knowledge transfer portal. The Project aligns well with the TSB New Approaches to Crop Protection competition since it seeks to enhance crop quality and productivity by targeting a particularly damaging pest (the bean seed or bruchid beetle), which is difficult to detect/control and has a highly detrimental effect on UK bean production and quality, for both national and export markets. This will allow UK growers to rationalise insecticide use by eliminating unnecessary applications and enabling more efficient, precisely timed and better targeted spray application, thereby reducing costs and prolonging the useful life of the insecticide products available. This approach also supports existing and new EU policy, regulations and requirements. In addition, by rationalising insecticide sprays and eliminating prophylactic treatment the effects on the natural enemies of the pest will be greatly reduced and the overall environmental impact of crop protection will be minimised and thus more sustainable for this part of the Agricultural Industry.The IPM decision support package will be co-ordinated and made available to UK bean growers by PGRO, which is sponsored by UK pea and bean growers, merchants and processors. It provides a research and development programme, together with an advisory and technical service, to support the production of UK pulses and to deliver knowledge and information through the PGRO knowledge transfer portals. Since 2004 direct damage by bruchids, despite intensive insecticide application, resulted in a dramatic loss of income for the industry. Bruchid infestation is the main limiting factor to growth in export and home markets for beans for human consumption since damage tolerance levels are so low. UK field beans failing to meet export quality standards because of bruchid damage can be used for animal feed, which has a considerably lower value. Crops with heavy damage are unsuitable even for animal feed. The export quality criteria for beans include a maximum acceptable level of damaged beans of 2% and no live Bruchids within the seed. In some years, the maximum damage level in some crops of beans has been as high as 40%. Blemishes to broad beans caused by bruchid larvae can result in total crop rejection by processors/retailers, with no other outlet. Thus failure to control bruchid has resulted in many UK growers abandoning bean production altogether. Currently the pest can be found in southern and eastern counties of England, but as beans expand in England and in the borders of Scotland, the risk of further dispersal of the pest is increased and in particular, if weather patterns change over time, then summer temperatures may be more favourable for bruchid survival in the more northerly and western parts of UK.In the UK, field bean or faba bean (Vicia faba) is an important and economically valuable legume break crop since it provides a source of home-grown protein for livestock, a lucrative quality export market for human consumption, and environmental benefits through the requirement of no artificial nitrogen fertiliser but a return of fixed nitrogen to the soil and a source of food for pollinating insects. In order to maintain a continuing crop with export potential, growers need confidence in agronomic practices to be able to produce beans of consistently high quality. The additional potential of an increase in the area grown will add further to the diversity of cropping and the environmental benefits of a legume crop. The provision of a reliable local Decision Support System for UK growers will restore grower confidence by ensuring:a) bruchid damage levels are more predictable, and b) insecticide applications are effective, accurately timed to give optimum control levels and that no unnecessary applications are made. An increased UK production of high quality, unblemished beans for human consumption, with an export potential of £9.8m p.a. in all markets, will allow growers to compete more effectively with growers in other countries. The proposed Decision Support System is unlike any currently used in UK or Europe since it combines a web-based forecasting system and a monitoring trap to allow growers to monitor on farm but to access a nationally available forecasting system to enable local decisions on crop management to be made. Although the pest is also present in France, the local warning system available to French growers is based entirely on local weather forecasting and any treatment is recommended in the absence of knowledge of pest activity in individual crops. The proposed system will not only improve timing of sprays but will eliminate the need for prophylactic treatments where the pest may not be present, thereby improving the economics of pest control for UK growers. The main challenge for the provision of the Decision Support system will be the development of an effective monitoring trap. A prototype trap already exists and will be developed and improved to provide growers with an alert to the pests arrival in the crop. However, alternative monitoring methods such as field counts will be compared throughout the project during the calibration and determination of damage thresholds. Trap catch will be calibrated with the number of pests in the crop at particular crop growth stages and with the damage resulting from that level of pest and the information fed back into the DSS. The design and operation of the DSS will be based on an existing forecasting system used successfuly for potato blight. The working DSS will provide the grower with advice about the need for and timing of insecticide application by relating local meteorological conditions, including maximum day time temperature, which is important for bruchid activity, to the growers trap catch and crop growth stage.