Breaking the cycle of intergenerational disadvantage: neurodevelopment among Puerto Rican children.

不利条件会使家庭几代人都陷入困境。现有的研究已经确定了 儿童期逆境对神经发育的影响是认知和社会结果的下降。在这个时间范围内， 然而，这种方法可能过于狭隘，过于注重代内影响，而忽视了代间影响 决定因素考虑到一个孩子自己的不利暴露，而不注意到在这方面的逆境经历， 孩子的父母，可能会掩盖代际影响。在一个既定的、特征鲜明的、相互间的 世代和弱势群体，我们的目标是确定影响弱势周期的关键因素， 很多家庭几代人都被困在这里我们关注的结果是神经发育， 通过执行功能（EF）和相关神经基质的MRI测量。EF功能障碍是关键 随后的社会和职业挑战的决定因素。我们还研究了可能 有助于打破这种不利的循环，并产生有利的神经发育结果。 我们将为ECHO联盟带来一个多代，基于人口的2，491个波多黎各样本 居住在纽约州南布朗克斯和PR州圣胡安的波多黎各人。 在儿童期/青春期早期（5-13岁）的3个时间点和青春期晚期/早期的1个时间点进行前瞻性研究 成年期（持续）。当ECHO推出时，G1将处于成年早期，刚刚开始有他们的 自己的孩子（第2代或G2先证者）。因此，我们的队列最好准备检查的影响， 使用前瞻性设计，研究儿童早期的逆境。我们将评估G2先证者，包括所有新生儿 在研究期间（产前/出生队列，n~650）和所有在研究开始前出生的G2先证者儿童 ECHO（儿童队列，年龄3-10岁，n~830）。我们将使用神经成像和行为评估， 表征多种形式的不利暴露的影响（例如，身体虐待、忽视、父母精神疾病）。 我们将探讨一代人的逆境经历如何影响下一代人的发展， 不同的暴露源，父母经历的暴露源以及孩子在他或她的孩子面前所面临的暴露源， 影响神经发育的结果 我们的多学科团队带来了弱势群体流行病学（MPI）方面的专业知识 Duarte & Canino）、健康和疾病的胎儿起源（MPI Monk）和发育神经科学 (MPI Posner）。除了我们的具体目标外，我们的研究还将通过提供生物标本来丰富ECHO财团 包括DNA胎盘脐带血和乳牙这些标本将允许ECHO财团 研究遗传和表观遗传因素以及早期化学暴露的影响， 在一个高风险但研究不足的人群中发展。总之，我们的调查团队，我们的独特性， 队列，以及我们关注代际影响的新奇为ECHO提供了独特的贡献 无论是从我们提案的具体目标还是从ECHO联盟的更大目标来看，我们都认为这是一个非常重要的项目。

Disadvantage can ensnare families for generations. Existing studies have identified the effects of childhood adversity on neurodevelopment in decrements in cognitive and social outcomes. This timeframe, however, may be too constricted, assiduously focusing on intra-generational effects, while ignoring inter-generational determinants. Considering a child's own adverse exposures, without noting experiences of adversity in that child's parents, may obscure intergenerational effects. Within an established, well-characterized, inter- generational and disadvantaged cohort, we aim to determine key factors influencing the cycle of disadvantage in which so many families get caught for generations. Our outcome of focus is neurodevelopment as indexed by executive functions (EF) and MRI measures of related neural substrates. EF dysfunctions are key determinants of subsequent social and occupational challenges. We also examine protective factors that may contribute to breaking this cycle of disadvantage and yield favorable neurodevelopmental outcomes. We would bring to the ECHO consortium a multi-generation, population–based sample of 2,491 Puerto Ricans living in the South Bronx, NY and San Juan, PR. The first generation of the cohort (G1) was assessed prospectively at 3 times points in childhood/early adolescence (ages 5-13) and once in late adolescence/early adulthood (ongoing). When ECHO is launched, G1 will be in early adulthood, and just beginning to have their own children (Generation 2 or G2 Probands). Our cohort is thus optimally poised to examine the effects of adversity during early childhood using a prospective design. We will assess G2 Probands including all new births during the study period (Prenatal/Birth Cohort, n~650) and all G2 Proband children born prior to the start of ECHO (Child Cohort, ages 3-10, n~830). We will use neuroimaging and behavioral assessments to characterize the influence of many forms of adverse exposures (e.g., physical abuse, neglect, parental mental illness). We will examine how one generation's experience of adversities may affect the development of the next, and how different sources of exposure, those experienced by one's parents as well as those a child faces on his or her own, impact neurodevelopmental outcomes. Our multidisciplinary team brings expertise in the epidemiology of disadvantaged populations (MPIs Duarte & Canino), fetal origins of health and disease (MPI Monk), and developmental neuroscience (MPI Posner). In addition to our specific aims, our study will enrich the ECHO consortium by providing biospecimens including DNA, placenta, cord blood, and deciduous teeth. These specimens will allow the ECHO consortium to investigate the influence of genetic and epigenetic factors as well as chemical exposures during early development within a high-risk, but understudied, population. In sum, our investigative team, the uniqueness of our cohort, and the novelty of our focus on intergenerational influences offer distinct contributions to the ECHO project both in terms of the specific aims of our proposal and to the larger goals of the ECHO consortium.