MEMORY STORAGE, DEGRADATION, AND REACTIVATION

长久以来，人们一直认为记忆的表达 必然反映了记忆痕迹的潜在强度。在 特别地，已知基于一个或多个神经元的条件反应是一个或多个神经元的条件反应。 联想记忆可能不仅反映了联想的“强度”， 记忆，还有动物的反应动机， 在训练或测试时存在的其他线索之间的竞争， 以及该记忆是否以容易检索的形式储存。 在本系列实验中，我们将研究几个这样的 在一个简单的有机体中， 学习任务。 近三十年来，“简单系统”方法一直占主导地位， 探索记忆的神经生理机制 阵例如，使用模型系统，如习惯化和 致敏性和关联性眨眼条件反射 兔子，许多生物物理和生物化学事件，这是至关重要的 已经阐明了记忆的形成，在脊椎动物的情况下， 模型，对某些记忆的解剖学基础的理解 办妥了一批多年虽然这种方法相当成功，但许多 心理学家认为的基本记忆过程 受到的关注相对较少。在本提案中， 一般类的实验计划，重点是相互作用 在训练变量（即，培训次数和分布 试验）和诱导和随后的保留， 在Hermissenda的记忆这些变量中有许多已在 在脊椎动物物种的行为水平。例如， 研究表明，保留受初始培训次数的影响， 审判，以及连续审判的速度。 此外，已经证明，后处理暴露于 初始学习事件的分量（例如，CS、美国或 训练上下文）可以促进或延迟随后的响应 取决于这些因素，如暴露于这些刺激的次数， 原始记忆痕迹的强度使用Hermissenda，我们将 试图建立有助于重新获取的参数 可以观察到随后的存储器退化，并且当后 训练提示处理（即，短暂接触CS、美国或 培训内容）是有效的。这些实验在概念上 基于脊椎动物学习文献，将在 有几个原因。首先，考虑到有能力 Hermissenda使用体外技术，应该可以检查 记忆细胞的生物物理和生物化学特性 在存储器处理的每个阶段形成。二、联想性 Hermissenda的学习发生在一个狭窄的参数范围内， 根据训练试验的次数， 间隔可以短至几分钟，也可以长至七至十分钟 天总的来说，这两个特征（神经生理学能力） 在体外程序中进行分析，并严格控制 保留）提供了一个独特的机会，研究神经生理学 这些简单的心理过程背后的机制。

It has been long established that the expression of a memory does not necessarily reflect the underlying strength of the memory trace. In particular, it is known that a conditioned response based on an associative memory might reflect not only the associative "strength" of the memory, but also such factors as the animal's motivation to respond, competition between other cues present at the time of training or testing, and whether the memory was stored in a form which is readily retrievable. In the present series of experiments, we will examine several such determinants of responding in a simple organism using an associative learning task. For nearly thirty years, a "simple systems" approach has dominated the exploration of the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying memory formation. For instance, using model systems such as habituation and sensitization in Aplysia and associative eyeblink conditioning in the rabbit, many of the biophysical and biochemical events which are critical to memory formation have been elucidated, and in the case of vertebrate models, an appreciation of the anatomical substrates of certain memories has been achieved. While this approach has been quite successful, much of what psychologists consider to be fundamental memory processes have received relatively little attention. In the present proposal, several general classes of experiments are planned, focusing on the Interaction between training variables (i.e., number and distribution of training trials) and the induction and subsequent retentIon of an associative memory in Hermissenda. Many of these variables have been assessed at the behavioral level in vertebrate species. For instance, it is well established that retention is influenced by the number of initial training trials, and the rate at which the successive trials are presented. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that postconditioning exposure to components of the initial learning event (e.g., the CS, the US, or the training context) can either facilitate or retard subsequent responding depending on such factors as the number of exposures to these stimuli, and the strength of the original memory trace. Using Hermissenda we will attempt to establish parameters by which facilitated reacquisition following memory degradation may be observed, and to determined when post- training cuing treatments (i.e., brief exposure to the CS, the US, or the training context) are effective. These experiments, which are conceptually based in the vertebrate learning literature, are to be undertaken in Hermissenda for several reasons. First, given the capacity to condition Hermissenda using in vitro techniques, it should be possible to examine biophysical and biochemical properties of cells involved in memory formation during each stage of memory processing. Second, associative learning in Hermissenda occurs within a narrow range of parameters, and depending on the number of training trials, the effective retention interval can be as short as several minutes or as long as seven to ten days. In total, these two features (capacity for neurophysiological analysis during in vitro procedures and strict control of the capacity for retention) provides a unique opportunity to study the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying these simple psychological processes.