LINKING HUMAN AND ANIMAL NEUROTOXICOLOGY RESEARCH

环境化学品神经毒性效应的行为学研究 是在两个孤立的世界里进行的。人体性能测试抽出 从成就、能力和智力测试的传统 (例如，数字符号Santa Ana)。新兴的动物行为测试 来自不同的传统，使用了迷宫学习等技术， 增援时间表，以及复杂的刺激歧视 调查潜在的神经毒物。尽管主要的区别是 这些方法之间是方法论的，而不是概念性的， 弥合这一鸿沟的努力没有成功，已经有了 他们之间几乎没有实际的或科学的接触。因此， 广泛的动物神经毒性文献的概括性很少 经过评估，很少有人体受试者研究承认更少的使用 在选择动物文献时进行测试，并努力识别和 描述健康影响沿着平行的路径进展，而不是 有迹象表明它们会相交。 该项目的目标是实现常用动物 实惠、高效、现场就绪行为测试中的行为测试 笔记本电脑上的电池用于人类神经毒理学研究。此外， 拟议的测试系统将通过以下方式取代基于语言的指令 造型和造型的运用；用来 成功地将复杂的任务教给动物、儿童和各种 有教育障碍的成年人。新推出的软件将允许 在计算机屏幕上呈现运动图像和动画以 教授性能测试所需的行为以补充塑造 构成新员工培训战略基础的方法 测试。因此，这些测试几乎可以应用于任何超过 10岁，懂不懂英语。 然而，测试开发和可用性不足以确定 动物和人类神经毒理学研究之间所需的联系 世界。为了提供将这些新测试与 人体受试者研究中的既定检验，参数检验 未受损的男性和女性将探索性别、年龄、文化、 以及新考试的教育水平。从动物研究中采用的测试 并将对人体研究中使用的相同功能进行测试 相同的受试者，并且结果是相关的。最后，验证 对暴露于一种典型毒物的人群进行的研究， 使用对类似暴露和损坏的动物组进行的测试， 将展示重要的、可靠的关系 在物种之间。建成后，这一项目将显著改善 人与动物研究的推广潜力 通过使动物试验方法可用、可用、可用， 对研究人类的神经毒物学家有意义。

Behavioral research on the neurotoxic effects of environmental chemicals is conducted in two isolated worlds. Human performance tests are drawn from the traditions of achievement, aptitude and intelligence testing (e.g., Digit Symbol, Santa Ana). Behavioral testing in animals, emerging from a different tradition, employs techniques such as maze learning, reinforcement schedules, and complex stimulus discrimination to investigate potential neurotoxicants. Although the primary differences between these approaches are methodological rather than conceptual, efforts to bridge this chasm have been unsuccessful and there has been little practical or scientific contact between them. As a consequence, the generality of the extensive animal neurotoxicity literature has rarely been evaluated, few human-subjects studies acknowledge much less utilize the animal literature when selecting tests, and efforts to identify and characterize health effects advance along parallel paths with little indication they will intersect. The objective of this project is to implement frequently-used animal behavioral tests in an affordable, efficient, field-ready behavioral test battery on a laptop computer for human neurotoxicology research. Further, the proposed test system will replace language-based instructions through the utilization of shaping and modeling; techniques which been used to successfully teach complex tasks to animals, children, and a wide range of educationally-impaired adults. Newly available software will permit the presentation of motion pictures and animation on the computer screen to teach the behaviors needed for performance testing to supplement shaping methods which form the foundation of the training strategy for the new tests. These tests could thus be employed with virtually any person over 10 years of age, literate or not in English. Test development and availability, however, are insufficient to establish the needed linkage between the animal and human neurotoxicology research worlds. To provide the database needed to relate these new tests to the established tests in human subjects research, parametric testing of unimpaired males and females will explore the impact of sex, age, culture, and educational level on the new tests. Tests adopted from animal research and tests of the same function used in human research will be administered to the same subjects and the results correlated. Finally, validation studies with a human population exposed to a representative toxicant, using tests employed with analogously exposed and damaged animal groups, will provide the demonstration of significant, reliable relationships between species. Upon completion, this project will significantly improve the generalization potential between animal and human research on neurotoxic chemicals by making animal test methods available, accessible, and meaningful to neurotoxicologists studying humans.