GESTURAL TIMING AND LINGUISTIC ORGANIZATION

项目2的一个主要目标是继续发展我们的理论 语音角度，根据哪个语音手势发声 音域同时是音系学的语言理论的原语， 语音产生的最小单位和可感知的最小单位 一条语音信息。基元单位在中相同的视图 我们认为，这三个领域与其他领域相比具有实质性的优势 概念化。最值得注意的是，它允许一种视图，即 语言信息是在说话者的声道中字面上产生的， 因此，直接对声学语音信号进行结构化。因为， 消息的单位是以这种方式公开的，而不是完全秘密的 心理类别，听者可以直接从信号中恢复它们。 我们建议沿着四条主线发展这一理论。在第一部分中，我们调查 单词-语音属性的内部组织，高于 手势--将音节组织成首字母和押韵，例如- 并测试这些组织是如何以手势实现的。一秒钟 研究线检查变异对手势组织的影响 说话风格及其声学和知觉后果。鉴于 我们认为，风格变化对手势组织的影响是， 简单的声学后果是复杂的。特别是，我们将测试一个 认为只有两条规则控制着换班中手势组织的变化 从正式的、朗读的演讲到更快、更随意或更自然的演讲： 手势可能会在相对时间内滑动，或者它们的幅度可能会减小。 此外，然而，因为这些简单的声学后果 手势变化是复杂的，我们建议调查 以及向听众发出语音对比信号的方式 在听觉上自发的，与阅读言语相比，在相当大的 可能会发生手势滑动和复位。第三行 研究特别着眼于声学语音信号如何提供 将信息发送给听众。我们测试一个视图，即监听程序“解析” 声学信号转换为声学星座，其组件为 语音手势的后果。在相关工作中，我们用我们的 计算手势模型，以显示如何从 声学信号。在最后一项研究中，我们测试了一个假设，即 关于手势的恢复，对言语的感知并不特殊 因为，在所有的听觉感知中，听者使用声音信号作为 关于它们在环境中的因果来源的信息。

A major aim of project 2 is to continue development of our theoretical perspective of speech, according to which phonetic gestures of the vocal tract are at once primitives of a linguistic theory of phonology, the smallest units of speech production and the smallest perceivable units of a speech message. A view in which the primitive units are the same in these three domains has, we believe, substantial advantages over other conceptualizations. Most notably, it permits a view that units of a linguistic message are literally produced in the vocal tract of a speaker, and therefore, structure the acoustic speech signal directly. Because, the units of the message are public in this way, rather than wholly covert mental categories, listeners can recovery them directly from the signal. We propose to develop the theory along four lines. In one, we investigate word-internal organizations of phonetic properties superordinate to the gesture - organizations of syllables into onsets and rhymes, for example - and test how those organizations are realized gesturally. A second research line examines effects on gestural organization of variation in speaking style and its acoustic and perceptual consequences. Whereas the effects of style variation on gestural organization are, we propose, simple, acoustic consequences are complex. In particular, we will test a view that just two rules govern changes in gestural organization in a shift from formal, read speech to faster, more casual or spontaneous speech: gestures may slide in relative time or they may be reduced in magnitude. In addition, however, because acoustic consequences of these simple gestural changes are complex, we propose to investigate the extent to which and the manner in which phonological contrasts are signaled to listeners acoustically in spontaneous as compared to read speech where considerable gestural sliding and reduction may take place. A third line of investigation looks specifically at how an acoustic speech signal provides information to a listener. We test a view that the listener "parses" the acoustic signal into acoustic constellations the components of which are consequences of a phonetic gesture. In related work, we use our computational gestural model to show how gestures can be recovered from the acoustic signal. In a final research line, we test a hypothesis that, with respect to recovery of gestures, perception of speech is not special because, in all of auditory perception, listeners use acoustic signals as information for their causal sources in the environment.