WORKING CLASS WOMEN--NEGOTIATING JOBS AND PARENTHOOD

描述（改编自申请人摘要）：母亲与婴儿 已经成为越来越大的职业女性群体， 大约44%的妇女在2010年内重返劳动力市场， 第一个孩子出生后6个月（O 'Connell，1989）。 给定 美国大约38%的家庭 工人阶级类别（美国人口普查局，1988年），它是 重要的是要研究经济资源较少和 获得关爱家庭的工作场所， 并保住全职工作 建议的纵向目标 研究的目的是研究如何过渡到父母身份和回归 母亲在子女出生后六个月内获得有酬就业的机会 影响工作人员的心理健康和婚姻关系， 阶级的女人和男人 具体目标是：（1）研究如何 妇女和男子的福祉和婚姻关系的变化，因为他们 经历为人父母和回到有薪工作的过渡， (2)以确定介导这些多重影响的因素， 父母心理幸福感的变化;社会因素， 支持，性别意识，获得优质儿童保育，期望 关于父母身份、军事素质和孩子的特征，（3） 研究妇女和男子的工作和家庭角色， 在向为人父母过渡的过程中， 当新妈妈回到工作岗位时，（4）确定 有利于家庭的工作场所政策对妇女和男子 心理健康 拟议的研究涉及五次 测量150名工人阶级妇女和她们的丈夫经历 过渡到为人父母和母亲返回工作队伍内 孩子出生的前6个月。 第一次面试需要 在怀孕的第三个三个月。 第二次面试将 发生在婴儿出生后，但在母亲返回工作岗位之前。 第三次面谈将在母亲返回后两周内进行。 工作和第四次电话面试将在六个月内进行 所有母亲的产后。 最后，将进行为期一年的随访， 以确定积极和消极的长期影响， 女性心理健康和家庭的负向转变 关系。

DESCRIPTION (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Mothers with infants have become an increasingly large subgroup of working women with approximately 44 percent of women returning to the labor force within six months of the birth of their first child (O'Connell, 1989). Given that approximately 38 percent of families in the United States fall into the working-class category (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1988), it is important to examine how couples with fewer financial resources and less access to family-friendly workplaces manage to care for their infants and hold down full-time jobs. The goal of the proposed longitudinal study is to examine how both the transition to parenthood and the return of mothers to paid employment within six months of their child's birth affect the psychological well-being and marital relationships of working- class women and men. The specific objectives are: (1) to examine how women's and men's well-being and marital relationships change as they experience the transitions to parenthood and back to paid employment, (2) to identify factors that mediate the effects of these multiple transitions on parents' psychological well-being; factors such as social support, gender ideology, access to quality child care, expectations about parenthood, martial quality, and characteristics of the child, (3) to examine how women's and men's work and family roles and responsibilities change across the transition to parenthood and again when new mothers return to the workforce, and (4) to determine the effects of family-friendly workplace policies on women's and men's psychological well-being. The proposed study involves five occasions of measurement for 150 working-class women and their husbands experiencing the transition to parenthood and mothers return to the work force within the first 6 months of the child's birth. The first interview will take place in the third trimester of pregnancy. The second interview will occur after the baby is born but prior to the mother's return to work. The third interview will occur within two weeks of mother's return to work and a fourth telephone interview will take place at six months postpartum for all mothers. Finally, a one year follow-up will be conducted to determine the long term effects of both positive and negative transitions on women's psychological health and family relationships.