DRUGS ON LEARNED & SPONTANEOUS BEHAVIOR OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL

药物在相关物种中的行为药理学特征 是定量评估药物如何作为一种 强化剂以及药物的使用或滥用如何影响疾病的其他方面 受试者的行为。正在进行的关于以下行为直接影响的研究 药物包括许多不同的范例。各种研究 包括观察自发和习得行为的变化 在急性或慢性注射毒品之后。例如，我们有 最近显示，血浆丁酰胆碱酯酶(BChE)，当添加到 松鼠猴子的血液加速了可卡因的新陈代谢。我们有 还表明，松鼠和恒河猴在BChE的含量上有所不同 在等离子体中自然发生，这些差异导致不同的 可卡因代谢率。关于运动活动的前期工作 支持这样的结论：新陈代谢的改变 通过加快可卡因的新陈代谢来减少其急性影响。动物 在一场新奇的刺激表演中反复注射可卡因 对这种刺激的运动反应增强。最近的研究表明 表明这种刺激也可以作为条件性增强剂，以及 从而可能进一步助长吸毒行为。的影响 在两个时间表上都对慢性尼古丁暴露进行了调查- 控制行为和自发活动。慢性暴露 与容忍无关，也没有明显的退缩 观察证候。目前正在进行广泛的研究以进行调查 决定精神活性药物等药物如何 尼古丁、甲基苯丙胺和可卡因具有区分作用 刺激物。训练大鼠辨别苯丙氨酸和苯丙氨酸混合物 盐水中的芬氟胺显示出一个概括性的轮廓，这表明 这种药物混合物不会产生唯一的药物线索。在动物身上 接受培训以区分尼古丁和盐水、慢性咖啡因暴露 不会破坏辨别尼古丁线索的能力。然而， 在对照动物中，苯丙胺确实会泛化为尼古丁，但不会 在长期服用咖啡因的动物中，表明一种独特的 这两种精神运动兴奋剂之间的相互作用。在猴子身上 长期使用咖啡因治疗后， 尼古丁而不是安非他明对操作者行为的刺激作用。

The behavioral pharmacological profile of a drug in a pertinent species is necessary for evaluating quantitatively how the drug functions as a reinforcer and how use or abuse of the drug effects other aspects of the subject's behavior. Ongoing studies on the direct behavioral effects of drugs include a number of different paradigms. A variety of studies involve observations of changes in spontaneous and learned behavior following acute or chronic injections of drugs. For example, we have recently shown that plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE ), when added to the blood of squirrel monkeys, speeds the metabolism of cocaine. We have also shown that squirrel and rhesus monkeys differs in the amount of BChE naturally occurring in plasma and these differences result in differing rates of cocaine metabolism. Preliminary work with locomotor activity in rats supports the conclusion that alterations in metabolism might reduce the acute effects of cocaine by speeding its metabolism. Animals repeatedly injected with cocaine in the presence of a novel stimulus show an increased locomotor response to that stimulus. Recent studies have shown that such stimuli can also serve as conditioned reinforcers, and thus might further facilitate drug-taking behavior. The effects of chronic nicotine exposure have been investigated on both schedule- controlled behavior and spontaneous locomotor activity. Chronic exposure was not associated with tolerance, nor was there an obvious withdrawal syndrome observed. A wide range of studies are ongoing to investigate pharmacological mechanisms that determine how psychoactive drugs such as nicotine, methamphetamine, and cocaine function as discriminative stimuli. Rats trained to discriminate a mixture of phentermine and fenfluamine from saline show a generalization profile which suggests that this drug mixture does not result in a unique drug cue. In animals trained to discriminate nicotine from saline, chronic caffeine exposure does not disrupt the ability to discriminate the nicotine cue. However, amphetamine does generalize to nicotine in control animals, but does not in animals chronically administered caffeine, suggesting a unique interaction between these two psychomotor stimulants. In monkeys chronically treated with caffeine there is a marked enhancement of the stimulant effects of nicotine but not of amphetamine on operant behavior.