NEUROCOGNITIVE ANALYSIS OF REM SLEEP AND DREAMING

做梦是人类的一种正常精神状态，具有许多功能障碍的特征 以及病态的情况。它与精神病的主要症状相同 幻觉和妄想。在精神病的三大类中，它 更像是器质性精神疾病的潜伏期 精神分裂症或严重的情感障碍。精神错乱，梦想中的股份 四个主要的形式特征：视觉幻觉、定向障碍、记忆 失落和闲聊。因此，做梦可以被认为是一种典型的精神病 这是因为它是正常的，可以证明大调的功能基础 精神病理学，包括那些最有说服力的“有机”。 这项提案中描述的研究计划的主要目标是 研究快速眼动睡眠，以便从细胞和分子的角度详细解释 梦境独特的形式特征。程序在以下位置进行 分析的三个平行层次：“(1)定量现象学 关于梦的研究，就像人类受试者报告的那样，是自发的或 睡眠实验唤醒；(2)心理认知测试 感兴趣的能力(如记忆力和注意力)在前、中、后 睡眠和；(3)REM睡眠的神经生物学研究，使用细胞和 动物模型中的分子技术，并使用快速磁共振技术 在人类身上。这三个层面是用特定的理论来整合的 这个实验室在过去三十年里开发的模型 好几年了。作为我们的范例及其结果的一个例子，请考虑 显著而强健的认知特征称为梦境怪诞。作为一名 通过对梦境报告的量化分析，我们开发了一种 检测这一梦境特征的可靠方法，并已能够显示 它对梦中人的不连续和/或不协调很敏感， 地点、时间和行动。这种定向不稳定性现在可以是 在几个层面上进行建模和调查；在认知层面上，我们 内隐注意(定向功能)与语义启动(On 定向功能)。我们最近已经证明，梦想报告可以 使用图论方法进行可靠分析，该方法可靠地转移到 视觉注意是因为他们体验到了主观性。在 神经生理学水平我们正在研究PGO系统 在猫的定向反应中的作用；在人类研究中，我们 观察大脑后部和内部自发活动的变化 快速眼动睡眠和清醒时的注意系统。直接临床 这项工作的影响包括：理解和医学控制 睡眠障碍，如嗜睡症和快速眼动睡眠行为障碍； 对恐慌等症状状态的理解和医学控制 焦虑、注意力缺陷障碍、严重情感障碍(特别是 抑郁症)和精神错乱本身。更间接但同样重要 涉及到开发通用状态空间模型，该模型可以 解释正常精神状态和病理精神状态的全部范围 功能术语。

Dreaming is a normal human mental state with many features of dysfunctional and pathological conditions. With psychosis it shares the major symptoms of hallucination and delusion. Of the three major classes of psychosis, it is more similar to the delinum of organic mental illness than to schizophrenia or major affective disorder. With delirium, dreaming shares four major formal features: visual hallucinosis, disorientation, memory loss and confabulation. Dreaming may thus be regarded as a model psychosis which, because it is normal, can demonstrate the functional basis of major psychopathology including that which is most convincingly "organic". The main goal of the research program described in this proposal is to study REM sleep so as to account, in detailed cellular and molecular terms for the distinctive formal features of dreaming. The program proceeds at three parellel levels of analysis:" (1) quantitative phenomenological studies of dreaming as it is reported by human subjects upon spontaneous or experimental awakening from sleep; (2) cognitive tests of the mental faculties of interest (e.g. memory and attention) before, during, and after sleep and; (3) neurobiological studies of REM sleep which use cellular and molecular techniques in an animal model and which use fast MRI techniques in humans. The three levels are integrated using the specific theoretical models that have been developed in this laboratory over the past thirty years. As one example of our paradigm and its results, consider the prominent and robust cognitive feature called dream bizarreness. As a result of our quantitative analysis of dream reports, we have developed a reliable method of detecting this dream feature and have been able to show that it is sensitive to discontinuity and/or incongruity of dream persons, places, times and actions. This orientational instability can now be modeled and investigated at several levels;" at the cognitive level we are studying covert attention (an orienting function) and semantic priming (on orientating function). We have recently shown that dream eports can be reliably analyzed using a graph theory approach that reliably shifts in visual attention as they are experienced subjectivity. At the neurophysiological level we are investigating the PGO system as it functions in the orienting response in cats; in human studies we are looking at shifts in the spontaneous activity of the posterior and interior attentional systems during REM sleep and waking. The direct clinical implications of this work include; understanding and medical control of sleep disorders such as narcolepsy and the REM sleep behavior disorder; understanding and medical control of such symptomatic states as panic anxiety, attention deficit disorder, major affective disorder (especially depression) and of delirium itself. More indirect but equally important implications relate to development of a general state space model that can explain the entire spectrum of normal and pathological mental states in functional terms.