CONTEXT EFFECTS IN THE PERCEPTION OF SENSORY MAGNITUDE

描述（来自应用程序）：“感官判断受到 各种众所周知的刺激情境效应。例如，解决方案 0.1 M浓度的氯化钠的浓度可能与“强”相关， 较低浓度的NaC的背景下，但作为“弱”的背景下， 更伟大的人 人们普遍认为，感知背后的感觉处理 0.1 M NaCl的浓度在两种情况下是相同的，只是判断 变化但并不是所有的语境效应都必然反映了 独自判断。具有特殊理论意义的是新发现的 差异情境效应在这里，对一种刺激的反应可以 相对于对另一种刺激的反应有明显的特点。为 例如，将强氯化钠溶液与弱 蔗糖溶液使盐的味道变弱;散布强烈的高- 音调和较弱的低音使得高音 声音柔和些。大量的证据表明，虽然不能证明， 这些不同的背景效应主要反映了感觉变化， 判断性偏见这项拟议的研究是由以下假设指导的， 差异语境效应类似于感觉“适应”， 长时间的强烈刺激产生的“疲劳”，但取决于 独特的潜在机制。为了验证这一假设，实验将 首先试图通过分离感官和感官来表明效果是感官的， 决策过程。这将通过测量响应速度和 精度 然后，实验将比较相对阈值和阈上阈值 暴露于短暂刺激与长时间刺激后的反应， 为了测试假设，与适应不同， 延长强烈的刺激，差异的背景下产生的小 一些短暂的刺激（a）涉及中枢神经过程;（B）是 阈值水平小于阈上水平;（c）显示成比例 感觉减弱，而适应表现为招募样生长 感觉强度;及（d）施加特定于神经系统的效应。 暴露和测试刺激的共同特性。这些实验将 检查不同的环境影响，在几个模态：味觉，听觉 （响度）、触觉（振动）和视觉（感知长度）。 差异语境效应似乎是广泛而有力的感觉 现象，尽管这些现象以前很少得到承认; 因此，描述潜在的机制是关键， 了解基本的感觉过程。"

DESCRIPTION (From the application): "Sensory judgements are subject to various well-known effects of stimulus context. For instance, a solution of sodium chloride at 0.1 M concentration may be related as "strong" in the context of NaC of lower concentrations but as "weak" in the context of greater ones. It is widely assumed that the sensory processing underlying the perception of the 0.1 M NACl is the same in both situations, only that the judgement changes. But not all effects of context necessarily reflect processes of judgement alone. Of special theoretical importance are newly-discovered differential context effects. Here, responses to one kind of stimulus can marked markedly relative to responses to another kind of stimulus. For example, interspersing strong sodium chloride solutions with weaker sucrose solutions make the salt taste weaker; interspersing intense high- pitched tones and weaker low-pitched tones makes the high-pitched tones sound softer. Considerable evidence suggests, though does not prove, that these differential context effects largely reflect sensory changes and not judgmental bias. The proposed research is guided by the hypothesis that differential context effects resemble the sensory "adaptation" or "fatigue" produced by prolonged intense stimulation but depend on a distinct underlying mechanism. To test this hypothesis, experiments will first seek to show that the effects are sensory by decoupling sensory and decisional processes. This will be done by measuring response speed and accuracy. Then, experiments will compare relative threshold and suprathreshold responses after exposure to transient versus long-duration stimuli in order to test the hypotheses that, unlike adaptation produced by prolongation intense stimulation, differential context produced by a small number of brief stimulations (a) involve central neural processes; (b) are smaller at threshold than at suprathreshold levels; (c) show proportional attenuation of sensation whereas adaptation shows recruitment-like growth of sensation magnitude; and (d) exert effects specific to the configural properties common to the exposure and test stimuli. These experiments will examine differential context effects in several modalities: taste, hearing (loudness), touch (vibrotaction), and vision (perceived lengths). Differential context effects appear to be widespread and potent sensory phenomena, albeit ones that have receive little prior recognition; consequently, delineating the underlying mechanisms is central to understanding basic sensory processes."