Sense of Place in Anglo-Saxon England

在盎格鲁-撒克逊时期发生在英格兰的社会、经济和景观变革的最大遗产是我们仍然生活的定居点。这些地方中的大多数仍然用一千多年前创造的名字来指代，并占据着它们的创始人选择的相同位置。它们为我们提供了与过去的不间断的联系。正是围绕着这些焦点，强烈的社区认同感得以增强，人们对人与地方之间关系的理解也随之增强。在对地名来源于自然特征的地方的调查中，对其景观中的聚落的研究取得了特别的成果。事实证明，有可能区分那些命名地方的人对周围环境的了解程度，他们如何看待这些环境，以及他们如何利用景观来区分不同的地方。类似的精确可能存在于指特定物理结构（单个建筑物，围墙等）或特定功能的地名背后。但是，得出这种结论的一个主要障碍是，这个名字所暗示的那些特征现在往往已经消失或被遮蔽了。因此，我们对居住地名称的理解落后于目前关于丘陵、山谷和其他景观特征的名称的知识。例如，盎格鲁-撒克逊人区分“loc”和“worth”，这两个词都表示圈地。但是是什么让它们分开了呢？是它们的外表，它们是如何被使用的，被谁或什么使用，还是规模的问题？这些都是本系列研讨会将讨论的问题。拟在全国不同地点举办的五个系列研讨会将围绕以下关键主题进行：改变地点，改变名称：探索地名，历史来源和考古证据之间的关系。为什么地名很重要？名称如何帮助识别和定义早期中世纪社区？宗教和信仰：通过考察诸如hearg（异教寺庙）、eccles（英国教堂）、minster（牧师教堂）、cirice/ kirk（教堂）、Preston（牧师定居点）等因素来探索。中心和属地：采用tun/by（定居点，地产）、burh（要塞）、cot（附属定居点）、torp（次级定居点）、Kingston（国王定居点）、Carlton/Charlton（国王定居点）等元素。功能与形式：采用wic（奶牛场）、Barton（大麦场）、worth（围场）、loc（围场）、haga（栅栏、围场）等元素。盎格鲁-撒克逊英格兰的地方感：最后一个研讨会探讨了这一系列研讨会提出的影响，这将确定进一步研究的领域，并在这些领域建立跨学科研究的合作网络。这些研讨会将帮助我们了解单个中世纪早期定居点的起源和发展，并追踪盎格鲁-撒克逊时期英国农村更广泛的变化。它们提供了一种探索世俗和教会行政景观的创造、新兴的社会等级和土地的农业开发的新方法。地名提供了一种方法，可以让我们更深入地了解盎格鲁-撒克逊人对他们的景观和社会结构的态度，但只有在与考古和地形研究相结合的情况下才能使用。在这些研讨会中，人们将对早期中世纪乡村产生令人兴奋的新认识。这将有助于激发国内外对史前和早期历史学术中聚落、景观、身份和命名的新研究；并有助于将更广泛的公众与他们居住的盎格鲁-撒克逊人的起源联系起来。

The greatest legacy of the social, economic and landscape transformations that took place in England during the Anglo-Saxon period are the settlements in which we still live. The majority of these places continue to be referred to by names coined over a thousand years ago and to occupy the same locations chosen by their founders. They provide us with an unbroken link to the past. It is around these focal points that strong senses of community identity have grown, bound up with an understanding of the relationship that exists between people and place. Study of settlements within their landscapes has paid particular dividend in the investigation of places whose names derive from natural features. It has proved possible to distinguish how closely those who named places understood their surroundings, how they viewed these environments, and how they used the landscape to differentiate place from place. Similar precision is likely to lie behind place-names that refer to particular physical structures (individual buildings, enclosures etc.) or specific functions. But a major barrier to drawing such conclusions is that, very often, those features to which the name alludes have now disappeared or have been obscured. Consequently, our understanding of names for inhabited places lags behind the present state of knowledge surrounding names referring to hills, valleys and other features in the landscape. Anglo-Saxons differentiated, for example, between 'loc', and 'worth', both terms for an enclosure. But what was it about these that allowed them to be separated? Was it their physical appearance, how they were used, by whom or what, or was it a matter of scale? These are the type of issues that this series of workshops will address. The proposed series of five workshops, to be held in different venues across the country, will be structured around key themes:1. Changing Places, Changing Names: exploring the relationship between place-names, historical sources, and archaeological evidence. Why are place-names important? How do names help to identify and define early medieval communities?2. Religion and Belief: explored through an examination of settlements taking elements such as hearg (pagan temple), eccles (British church), minster (minster church), cirice/ kirk (church), Preston (priest's settlement)3. Centres and Dependency: taking elements such as tun/by (settlement, estate), burh (fortified place), cot (dependent settlement), torp (secondary settlement), Kingston (King's settlement), Carlton/Charlton (Ceorls' settlement)4. Function and Form: taking elements such as wic (dairy farm), Barton (barley farm), worth (enclosure), loc (enclosure), haga (fence, enclosure)5. Sense of Place in Anglo-Saxon England: a final workshop exploring the implications raised by this series of workshops, which will pinpoint areas for further research, and establish collaborative networks for interdisciplinary research within these areas. These workshops will help us understand the origins and development of individual early medieval settlements, and to trace broader transformations in the English countryside in the Anglo-Saxon period. They offer a new way of exploring the creation of secular and ecclesiastical administrative landscapes, emerging social hierarchies, and the agrarian exploitation of the land. Place-names offer a way in to unlocking deeper understanding of Anglo-Saxon attitudes to their landscapes and social structures, but only if used in conjunction with the archaeological and topographical studies of settlement. Out of these workshops exciting new understandings of the early medieval countryside will emerge. These will serve to stimulate new research on settlement, landscape, identity and naming in prehistoric and early historic scholarship, at home and abroad; and help to connect a wider public to the Anglo-Saxon origins of the settlements in which they live.