A Study exploring Questions relating to Partnership between Police and Muslim Communities in the Prevention of Violent Extremism amongst Muslim Youth.

在英国，在7/7爆炸事件之后，伴随着一系列未遂的恐怖阴谋，预防暴力极端主义已经成为政策制定者的一个重要问题，穆斯林青年被确定为参与暴力极端主义的特别“危险”。在这种高度安全的背景下，政府认为警察在制定防止暴力极端主义的战略方面发挥了带头作用，与地方当局合作，与其他机构合作，更重要的是，与穆斯林社区合作，因为“社区战胜恐怖主义”已成为公认的反恐格言。虽然反恐政策和做法一直被涉及监视、情报收集、使用线人和执行一些反恐法律的“硬”战略所主导，但在政府竞争战略(HM政府，2006年)7/7号文件的推行下，竞争战略中的预防部分得到了更大的重视，因此，警务被视为在制定和实施涉及社区参与的举措方面发挥着重要作用。重要的是，2005年7月7日的爆炸事件有助于模糊警察和安全部门的作用之间的区别，出现了以社区为基础的反恐警务办法。警务在预防暴力极端主义方面的作用提出了许多问题，这里提出的这项研究建立在AHRC资助的先前一项研究的基础上，该研究侧重于穆斯林社区和警察之间的伙伴关系工作(Spalek&El-Awa，2008，AH/F008112/1)。例如，AHRC的研究侧重于警察与社区的伙伴关系，涉及清真寺用于反恐目的，对清真寺领导人进行了访谈，了解他们如何与警方合作，努力防止年轻人成为暴力极端主义分子。然而，这一问题值得进一步审查，因为情况可能是，年轻人通常不积极参与清真寺活动，也不认为现有的宗教领袖在行使权力。因此，必须在研究结果的基础上再接再厉并提出质疑，以便更充分地审查现有宗教领袖是否在穆斯林社区内行使权力，特别是在伦敦和伯明翰的穆斯林青年中，以及清真寺是否以及如何与警察合作，以防止暴力极端主义。Spalek和El-Awa(2008年)进行的上一次AHRC研究还提出了更广泛的问题，涉及伙伴关系工作中建立信任的问题，警察和社区成员在谈判建立信任的相互冲突的价值观和共同点方面的作用，以及重点关注与预防暴力有关的共同目标，尤其是在去激进化的情况下，积极和消极的情绪对参与这些问题的人的影响。对于年轻的穆斯林来说，这些问题尤其相关：警察和年轻人如何克服传统上与他们的关系相关的紧张关系，并开始建立信任？这是基于什么理由进行谈判的？军官和年轻人是如何处理情绪的--有没有办法以积极的方式驾驭愤怒和沮丧？关键的是，是否有成功的证据，不仅是在建立信任方面，而且是在实际防止暴力方面，无论是实际的还是意识形态的？这项研究将重点关注警方和穆斯林社区之间的合作，重点关注16岁至25岁的年轻男性和女性穆斯林，这是安全专家确定的暴力极端主义的关键年龄段。

In the UK, in the aftermath of the 7/7 bombings, alongside a series of attempted terror plots, the prevention of violent extremism has become a significant issue for policy makers, with Muslim youth being identified as being particularly 'at risk' from engaging in violent extremism. Within this heightened security context, the police are being viewed by government as taking the lead in strategies that are being developed to prevent violent extremism, alongside local authorities, working in partnership with other agencies, and importantly, working with Muslim communities, since 'communities defeating terrorism' has become an accepted counter-terrorism maxim. Although counter-terrorism policies and practices have been dominated by 'hard-sided' strategies involving surveillance, intelligence gathering, the use of informants and the implementation of a number of anti-terror laws, under the Pursue strand of the government's CONTEST strategy (HM Government, 2006), post 7/7, the Prevent strand within the CONTEST strategy is being given much greater prominence, whereby policing is being viewed as playing a significant role in developing and implementing initiatives that involve community engagement. Importantly, the bombings on July 7th 2005 have helped to blur distinctions between the roles of the police and the security services, with community-based approaches to counter-terrorism policing emerging. The role of policing in the prevention of violent extremism raises many questions, and the study being proposed here builds on a previous AHRC-funded study that focussed upon partnership work between Muslim communities and the police (Spalek & El-Awa, 2008, AH/F008112/1). For example, the AHRC study that was conducted included a focus upon police-community partnerships involving mosques for the purposes of counter-terrorism, whereby mosque leaders were interviewed about how they have worked with police to try to prevent young people from becoming violent extremists. This issue merits further examination, however, as it may be the case that young people are not generally actively involved in mosques and do not see existing religious leaders as exercising authority. Therefore, it is important to build on and question the study's findings in order to examine more fully whether existing religious leaders exercise authority within Muslim communities and specifically with Muslim youth in London and Birmingham, and whether and how mosques are partnering police for the purposes of preventing violent extremism. The previous AHRC study undertaken by Spalek & El-Awa (2008) also raised wider questions on issues of trust-building in partnership work, the role of police officers and community members in negotiating conflicting values and commonalities on which to build trust and focus on shared goals relating to preventing violence, and, especially interesting to the case of de-radicalisation, the impact of emotions, positive and negative, on those engaged with these issues. In relation to young Muslims, these questions are particularly pertinent: how can police officers and young people overcome the tensions traditionally associated with their relationship and start to build trust ? On what grounds is this negotiated ? How are emotions handled by officers and young people - is there a way to harness anger and frustration in positive ways ? And critically, is there evidence of success, not only in trust building, but in actually preventing violence, actual or ideological ? This study will focus on partnership work between police and Muslim communities that focusses upon young male and female Muslims aged 16-25, this being the age range identified by security experts as key to violent extremism.