The 'Dog Fancy' and Fancy Dogs: Pedigree, Breeding and Britishness, 1859-1914.

狗的品种有着悠久的历史，几千年来被创造出来帮助工作（塞特犬和梗犬）和休闲（牛头犬），或者装饰（如查尔斯国王西班牙猎犬）。然而，在19世纪中期，品种的性质和意义随着纯种犬的发展而改变，在出版的纯种犬中有特定的标准和经过认证的血统。这些“新”狗在展会上展示和评判，在新兴市场交易，并与社会群体和身份联系在一起。纯种狗是由“狗迷”创造的，这是一种由饲养者、爱好者和主人组成的新的社会形态，最初是英国独有的，但后来在世界各地被效仿。世界上第一次现代狗展是1859年在纽卡斯尔和伯明翰举行的，伦敦养犬俱乐部于1874年首次出版的《种马书》成为国际参考文献。犬种的性质和意义在四个相关方面发生了变化。首先，品种开始以形式而不是功能来定义，标准由养犬俱乐部规范和认证。事实上，纯种犬的福利问题，最近一直是公众密切关注和辩论的主题，可以追溯到最初的展览和对仅根据一致性进行判断的关注。其次，品种的数量增加了，因为新品种是通过选择性育种创造出来的，或者是从世界各地进口的。第三，特定的品种是由特定的社会群体产生的，并与之联系在一起，例如，“女士”和约克夏梗，以及次要的绅士和巴吉特猎犬。第四，建立了支持纯种狗及其主人和对狗的喜爱的社会和服务行业，这改变了全国饲养宠物的性质和意义。该项目将首先调查“狗幻想”的社会位置和形式，以确定其机构如何跨阶级，性别，地区和年龄运作，并绘制出饲养者，主人，企业家和兽医之间形成的正式和非正式的专业知识形式。然后，我们将探讨谱系定义的变化，以及“血统”、“血统”和“类型”的含义是如何发展和被“狗幻想”所使用的。我们将对一般的“血统”和特定的品种这样做。在养犬俱乐部的档案中，在狗展的记录和品种俱乐部的记录中，在大量的报纸、期刊和书籍文献中，都有大量的资料，其中大部分都有丰富的插图。有迹象表明，第一次狗展是在达尔文的《物种起源》出版的同一年；我们将深化我们正在进行的关于狗的繁殖如何相互作用的进化和遗传思想的研究。众所周知，“人工选择”对自然选择理论的发展至关重要，但我们将从这一点出发，看看狗的繁殖在改变遗传观念，特别是优生学方面的作用。维多利亚时代和爱德华时代的人担心近亲繁殖对单个狗的健康和品种退化的影响。除了在“狗幻想”中探索这些问题外，我们还询问了合格的兽医和外行“狗医生”如何理解、建议和管理纯种狗的健康和福利。在我们工作的最后一部分，我们将询问狗的繁殖和血统品种如何反映和塑造英国人的概念，以及地区、阶级和性别认同，特别是与血液、祖先和性格的生物学概念有关。从18世纪约翰·布尔（John Bull）和他的牛头犬的诞生，到年迈的维多利亚女王（Queen Victoria）被牧羊犬和其他普通品种所包围，我们将看到英国作为一个“爱狗之国”这一概念的出现，以及这种观念在多大程度上重塑了英国特性的意义。

Dog breeds have a long history, created over thousands of years to aid in work (setters and terriers) and leisure (Bull Dogs), or for ornament (e.g. King Charles Spaniels). However, in the mid-nineteenth century the nature and meaning of breeds changed with the development of pedigree dogs, with specific standards and certified lineages in published pedigrees. These 'new' dogs were displayed and judged at shows, traded in emerging markets, and became associated with social groups and identities. Pedigree breeds were created by the 'dog fancy', a new social formation of breeders, aficionados and owners that was initially unique to Britain, but which was then emulated around the world. The world's first modern dog shows were in Newcastle and Birmingham in 1859 and the London Kennel Club's Stud Books, first published in 1874, became international reference documents.The nature and meaning of dog breeds changed in four linked ways. First, breeds came to be defined by form rather than function, with standards regulated and certiificated by the Kennel Club. Indeed, the question of the welfare of pedigree breeds, which has recently been the subject of intense public scrutiny and debate, dates from the very first shows and concerns about judging only for conformation. Secondly, the number of breeds increased as novel forms were created by selective breeding, or imported from across the world. Thirdly, specific breeds were produced by, and became associated with, particular social groups, for example, 'ladies' and Yorkshire terriers, and the minor gentry and Basset Hounds. Fourthly, societies and service industries were created to support pedigree dogs, their owners and the dog fancy, which changed the nature and meaning of pet owning across the country.This project will begin by investigating the social locations and forms of the 'dog fancy', to determine how its institutions operated across class, gender, region and age, and map the forms of expertise, formal and informal, that developed amongst breeders, owners, entrepreneurs and veterinarians. We will then explore changing definitions of pedigree, and how meanings of 'lineage', 'blood' and 'type' developed and were used by the 'dog fancy'. We will do this for 'pedigree' in general, and for particular breeds. There are numerous sources in the archives of the Kennel Club, in records of dog shows and breed club records, and in the large newspaper, periodical and book literature that was produced, much of it richly illustrated. It is suggestive that the first dog shows were in the same year as the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species; we will deepen our ongoing research into how dog breeding interacted ideas of evolution and heredity. It is well known that 'artificial selection' was critical to the development of the theory of natural selection, but we will go on from this to look at dog breeding's role in changing ideas of heredity, especially eugenics. Victorians and Edwardians were concerned about the impact of inbreeding on the health of individual dogs and the degeneration of breeds. As well as exploring these concerns within the 'dog fancy', we ask how qualified veterinarians and lay 'dog doctors' understood, advised upon, and managed the health and welfare of pedigree dogs.In final part of our work, we will ask how dog breeding and pedigree breeds reflected and shaped notions of Britishness, along with regional, class and gender identities, particularly in relation to biological conceptions of blood, ancestry and character. We will look at the emergence of the idea of Britain as a 'nation of dog lovers' and the extent to which this reshaped meanings of Britishness, from the eighteenth-century creation of John Bull and his bulldog to the ageing Queen Victoria surrounded by collies and other homely breeds.