Shooting Landscapes: the creation, management and use of grouse moorland in Yorkshire, 1750-2000

研究背景：英国的石南沼泽地是一种标志性的、罕见的、独特的半自然高地景观，自上一个冰河时代结束以来一直在演变。然而，它们目前的范围和形式，包括它们的动植物，很大程度上是因为它们在19世纪成为主导地位的大片狩猎庄园中扮演着松鸡沼泽的角色。今天，90%的松鸡沼泽属于国家公园、AONB或带有某种形式的保护标志：66%的松鸡沼泽受到SSSI保护。许多针对沼泽地的研究都与生态系统和栖息地的保护和管理有关，特别是因为酸性泥炭土壤已被证明发挥着碳汇的重要作用。影响这些高地景观的景观管理和野生动物保护问题相当严重，最近的气候变化加剧了这一问题。沼泽地也是最近发展的开放获取计划的一个主要因素。因此，沼地保护是英国景观管理的一个关键领域。很少有人对沼地作为文化景观的近代史和考古学进行研究。已经进行了一些调查，记录了史前考古和工业开采的遗迹，但我们对沼地作为专属游戏景观的了解极其有限。初步研究表明考古学和与荒地狩猎庄园有关的景观的重要性(Done和Muir，2001年)，但这还没有扩展到景观分析。这个项目是第一次系统地记录、解释和呈现现代荒野的考古，专注于对它们的管理和作为景观的使用，以满足精英对拍摄的追求。它将记录与射击场相关的考古，如枪托、小屋、茅屋、马厩、墙、界碑，以及它们对猎物的管理对景观特征的影响。它将探索从专属射击区过渡到专属射击区的社会和经济动态。因此，它将对了解石南沼泽地演变的关键阶段做出重大贡献，这反过来将为当前的管理战略提供信息，并提高公众对景观资源的认识。目的和目标：该项目旨在了解与开发石南沼泽地作为现代狩猎栖息地相关的考古学，并评估其考古和环境遗产，为未来的解释和管理提供信息。该项目将记录与狩猎庄园相关的考古特征；除其他外，它将使用历史地图、庄园档案、游戏记录和环境数据来确定自19世纪初以来射猎庄园对荒野历史景观特征的影响，包括其历史生态。它还将探讨这些庄园及其衰落对当地社区及其经济的影响。潜在的应用和好处：1)这项研究将被AONB在制定更高级别的管理计划时使用，为未来与这些独特景观的管理有关的战略提供信息。2)创建相关考古特征的全面记录和地图，以便能够评估考古资源，为管理决策提供信息。3)在社区参与保护的基础上，为HLF的教育和口译应用程序的开发提供信息。4)告知管理计划。5)通过公开讲座、导游、网络资源和关于射杀屋苑考古的传单，提高公众对历史景观特征和意义的认识。完成和梅

The context of the research: The heather moorlands of the UK are an iconic, rare and distinct form of semi-natural upland landscape that have evolved since the end of the last Ice Age. However, their current extent and form, including their flora and fauna, are largely derived from their role as grouse moors within extensive shooting estates that became dominant in the nineteenth century. Today 90% of grouse moors fall within a National Park, AONB or carry some form of conservation designation: 66% of grouse moors are protected as SSSI. Much of the research directed at moorlands is concerned with the conservation and management of the ecosystems and habitats, particularly since the acidic peat soils have been shown to play an important role as carbon sinks. The landscape management and wildlife conservation issues affecting these upland landscapes are considerable and have been exacerbated by recent climatic changes. Moorlands are also a major element in the recent development of open access schemes. As such, moorland conservation is a key area of landscape management in the UK.Little research has been conducted into the recent history and archaeology of moorlands as cultural landscapes. A number of surveys recording prehistoric archaeology and the remains of industrial exploitation have been undertaken, but our understanding of moorlands as exclusive game landscapes is extremely limited. Initial studies have indicated the importance of the archaeology and landscapes associated with moorland shooting estates (Done and Muir 2001) but this has not been extended into a landscape analysis. This project is the first systematic attempt to record, interpret and present the archaeology of the modern moors, focusing on their management and use as landscapes for the elite pursuit of shooting. It will record the archaeology associated with shooting estates, such as butts, lodges, huts, stables, walls, boundary markers, as well as the impact their management for game had on landscape character. It will explore the social and economic dynamics of transition to and from exclusive shooting estates. As such it will make a major contribution to understanding about a crucial phase in the evolution of the heather moorlands, which in turn will inform current managment strategies and increase public awareness of the landscape resource. Aims and objectives:The project aims to understand and contextualise the archaeology associated with the exploitation of heather moorland as a habitat for game in the modern period and to assess its archaeological and environmental legacy to inform future interpretation and management. The project will record archaeological features associated with shooting estates; it will use, inter alia, historic maps, estate archives, game records, and environmental data to ascertain the impact of shooting estates upon the historic landscape character of the moors, including their historical ecology, since the beginning of the nineteenth century. It will also explore the impact of the estates and their decline on local communities and their economies. Potential applications and benefits: The research will: 1)be used by the AONB when putting together Higher Level Stewardship Schemes, to inform future strategies relating to the management of these unique landscapes.2)create a comprehensive record and mapping of related archaeological features to enable an assessment of the archaeological resource, informing management decisions. 3)be used to inform the development of an education and interpretation application to HLF, based on community involvement in conservation. 4)inform the management plan.5)be used to raise public awareness of historic landscape character and significance through public lectures, guided walks, web-resources, and leaflets on the archaeology of shooting estates. Done & Mui