Free-reins and guiding-hands: Iron Age and early Roman chariot fittings from western and central Britain

该项目是为了对英国西部和中部的铁器时代和早期罗马战车(缰绳导引)进行新的研究。这些高度可变和经常装饰的战车轭上的配件几乎完全是一种孤立的现象，它们的起源可以追溯到青铜时代晚期。目前已知的来自爱尔兰和欧洲大陆的类似发现寥寥无几，其中大部分或全部可能出口自英国。除了硬币和胸针，燕鸥也是英国铁器时代幸存下来的最常见的铜合金文物形式，也是最丰富的诱马类型。它们也经常出现在公元1世纪和2世纪的背景下，很明显，罗马的扩张在铁器时代社区中为它们的制造、用于展示和通过虔诚使用而丢弃提供了新的和广泛的推动力。考虑到它们在洞察社会和地区身份变化、军事展示和冲突、远程接触和交通以及罗马入侵后的文化适应等问题上的明显潜力，自利兹(1933)设计出基本分类以来，它们几乎没有受到关注。上一次参考研究是在35年前进行的，但是在英国对‘凯尔特’艺术进行更广泛的重新评估的背景下进行的(Spratling 1972；MacGregor 1976)。这些利用了目前已知的25%的Terrets，并受到地理范围(分别为英国南部和北部)以及对年代有限的囤积和墓葬发现材料的过度依赖的进一步限制。尽管发现的样本更多(仍然有50%)，但类似的限制也适用于Palk(1988)未发表的关于马的陷阱的博士学位。在过去的20年里，特别是自1997年PAS成立以来，Terret发现的数量翻了一番以上，有600多个挖掘和检测到的发现记录在最近AHRC‘Technologies of Enchantment’项目产生的数据库中。其中包括在威尔士、东米德兰兹郡、西米德兰兹郡和约克郡等地区发现的独特的新品种和重要的新发现集群，这些地区以前的例子相对较少(Worrell 2007)。我们估计，现在的总数是700-800个，可能比以前的样本更能代表地群类型的时间和地理变化范围。与此同时，现在有独立的年代测定证据表明，一些关键的封闭发现含有Terre(Garrow等人，2009年)，而金属分析发现，公元1世纪/2世纪的许多英国中部Terre与更早制造的Terrets之间存在明显的成分差异(Dungworth 1996)。它们将允许它们出现在不同地区、不同类型的地点和景观环境中，以及与其他战车配件和待分析对象类型的反复关联。为了使该项目对博士学位保持可管理性，新数据收集和分析的主要重点将是英国西部和中部，因为这是在以前的研究中受到关注最少的地区，但从东安格利亚(截至2004年，产生了PAS记录的所有新岩层的53%)、英格兰中部、英格兰东南部、英格兰北部和苏格兰将适当地进行比较分析。通过对这些独特物品的详细研究和解释，该项目将(1)开辟重要的新研究途径，研究主题包括：英国铁器时代的社会和军事展示；生产的性质和组织；商品和思想的交流；以及跨越铁器时代和罗马分水岭的身份和信仰的变化表达；(2)为AC-NMW收藏品和其他有马匹装饰的博物馆提供额外的背景。

The project is for a new study of Iron Age and early Roman chariot terrets (rein-guides) in western and central Britain. These highly variable and frequently decorated fittings on chariot yokes are almost wholly an insular phenomenon and trace their origins to the late Bronze Age. Only a handful of comparable finds are known from Ireland and the European mainland, most or all probably exports from Britain. Excluding coins and brooches, the terret is also the commonest form of copper-alloy artefact surviving from Iron Age Britain and the most abundant type of horse trapping. They also occur regularly in contexts dating to the first and second centuries AD and it is clear that Roman expansion gave a new and widespread impetus amongst Iron Age communities for their manufacture, use for display and discard through votive use. Given their evident potential for generating insights into issues such as changing social and regional identities, martial display and conflict, long-distance contacts and transport, and acculturation following the Roman invasion, terrets have received surprisingly little attention since Leeds (1933) devised a basic classification. The last reference studies were undertaken over 35 years ago, but in the context of wider reappraisals of 'Celtic' art in Britain (Spratling 1972; MacGregor 1976). These utilised <25% of the terrets now known and were further restricted both by their geographical remit (southern and northern Britain respectively) and overdependence on material from a chronologically limited range of hoard and burial finds. Despite a somewhat larger sample of finds (still <50%), similar limitations apply to Palk's (1988) unpublished PhD on horse trappings.In the last two decades, especially since 1997 when the PAS was established, terret finds have more than doubled, with over 600 excavated and detected finds recorded on the database produced by the recent AHRC 'Technologies of Enchantment' project. These include distinctive new varieties and significant new clusters of finds in regions like Wales, the East and West Midlands and Yorkshire, which previously had relatively few examples (Worrell 2007). We estimate that the total is now 700-800 and likely to be more representative of the range of chronological and geographical variation in terret types than the sample previously available. At the same time, there is now independent dating evidence for some key closed finds containing terrets (Garrow et al 2009), whilst metal analysis has identified apparent compositional differences between many central British terrets from first/second century AD contexts and those of earlier manufacture (Dungworth 1996).Together, these data will permit a more refined typo-chronology to be constructed for terrets. They will allow their presence in different regions, at different types of sites and landscape contexts, and recurrent associations with other chariot fittings and types of objects to be analysed. In order to keep the project manageable for a PhD, the principal focus for new data collection and analysis will be western and central Britain, as the zone which received least attention in previous studies, but finds from East Anglia (which yielded 53% of all new terrets recorded by PAS up to 2004), central southern England, south eastern England, northern England and Scotland will be drawn on as appropriate for comparative analysis. Through the detailed study and interpretation of these distinctive objects, the project will (1) open up important new avenues of research into themes such as social and martial display in Iron Age Britain; the character and organization of production; the exchange of goods and ideas; and the changing expression of identities and beliefs across the Iron Age-Roman divide; (2) provide additional context for AC-NMW collections and other museums with horse trappings in the