Knowledge of Emotion: Expression and Social Cognition

了解我们周围人的情绪状态是很重要的。我们需要了解其他人的感受，以评估他们的诚意并采取正确的行动来尊重他们。将情绪状态归因于他人在我们的社会生活中起着至关重要的作用。因此，能够区分那些符合知识条件的情感归因与那些不符合知识条件的情感归因至关重要。我们通常根据他人的情绪表达来将情绪归因于他们。这个项目的首要目标是解释情感表达如何使我们能够了解他人的情感。这就需要理解情感表达的本质和可以表达的各种情感现象。因此，我们将识别各种不同的可表达的情绪现象（如感觉、情绪倾向、情绪和情绪性格特征），以及表达这些现象的各种手段（如通过面部表情、发声和其他动作和身体动作）。然后，我们将确定基于表达的情感属性构成知识的理性基础。在这样做的时候，我们将区分情绪归因的基础上的“在肉体”的感知情绪表达的情绪归因的基础上感知的静态和动态的图像和音频记录的情绪表达。我们将研究基于表情的情感归因的理性基础是否以及如何在不同的表征媒介和“肉体”感知中有所不同。该项目将汇集多个领域（社会认知，情感，表达）和跨学科（哲学，心理学，法律）的研究人员。它将有利于哲学的学术研究，特别是在社会认知和认识论领域，这些领域倾向于关注信仰归因的理性基础，通过阐明情感归因的理性基础，从而拓宽我们对如何了解他人精神状态的理解。它也对心理学的实验设计有潜在的影响。通过阐明情感归因的理性基础之间的差异基于“在肉体”的感知的情感表达，和理性基础的情感归因的感知的图像，它将阐明更广泛的含义进行情感归因实验使用的图像表示的情感表达。在学术界之外，该项目对法律的实践具有重要意义。法律的决定经常受到对他人情绪的判断的影响。例如，了解被告的情绪状态对于确定他们是否犯了罪（如仇恨犯罪）和确定他们对所犯罪行的责任程度（如激情犯罪）都至关重要。通过阐明了解他人情绪的要求，该项目有能力影响如何做出法律的决定。此外，通过澄清我们何时以及如何知道另一个人在表达什么情感，该项目将有助于我们理解不同艺术媒介中的情感表达，因此对视觉艺术的从业者和消费者都具有潜在价值。

It is important to know the emotional state of those around us. We need to know how others are feeling to assess their sincerity and to act rightly with respect to them. Attributions of emotional states to others play a crucial role in our social lives. Consequently, it is crucial to be able to distinguish those emotion attributions that qualify as knowledge from those that do not. We usually attribute emotions to others on the basis of their expressions of emotion. The overarching aim of this project is to explain how emotional expression can enable us to know the emotions of others. This will require an understanding of the nature both of emotional expression and of the various emotional phenomena that can be expressed. Consequently, we will identify the variety of different expressible emotional phenomena (such as feelings, emotional dispositions, moods, and emotional character traits), and the variety of means by which they can be expressed (for example, through facial expressions, vocalisations and other actions and bodily movements). We will then determine the rational grounds in virtue of which expression-based attributions of emotion constitute knowledge. In doing so, we will distinguish emotion attributions based on 'in the flesh' perception of emotional expressions from emotion attributions based on the perception of both static and dynamic images and audio recordings of emotional expressions. We will investigate whether, and how, the rational grounds of expression-based emotion attributions vary across different representational media and 'in the flesh' perception. The project will bring together researchers in a number of fields (social cognition, the emotions, expression) and across disciplines (philosophy, psychology, law). It will benefit academic research in philosophy, most notably in the areas of social cognition and epistemology, which have tended to focus on the rational grounds of belief attributions, by elucidating the rational grounds of emotion attributions, thus broadening our understanding of how we can come to know the mental states of others. It also has potential implications for experimental design in psychology. By elucidating the differences between the rational grounds for emotion attributions based on 'in the flesh' perception of emotional expressions, and the rational grounds of emotion attributions based on the perception of images, it will illuminate the broader implications of experiments about emotion attribution conducted using images representing emotional expressions. Beyond academia, the project has important implications for legal practice. Legal decisions are frequently influenced by judgments about the emotions of others. For example, knowledge of defendants' emotional states can be crucial to determining both whether or not they have committed a crime - as with hate crimes - and to determining the extent of their responsibility for crimes they have committed - as with crimes of passion. By elucidating the requirements for knowledge of the emotions of others, the project has the capacity to affect how legal decisions are made. Furthermore, by clarifying when, and how, we know what emotion another is expressing, the project will assist our understanding of the expression of emotion in different artistic media, and is thus of potential value to both practitioners and consumers of the visual arts.