SOCIAL INFLUENCE ON DISPERSAL IN MALES AND FEMALES

影响繁殖成功的因素可能会通过影响传播和选择可听领土。 哺乳动物的社会环境，如与同性同种动物的相互作用或异性成员的刺激所产生的压力，可能会影响成功的可能性，但所涉及的机制尚不清楚。 此外，社会环境可能以相同或不同的方式影响男性和女性。 本研究的目的是检查替代假设是否有性别差异的线索，影响移民和迁出。 性内竞争假说预测，同性同种会导致移民，但阻止移民。与此相反，近亲繁殖回避假说则认为异性同种会导致移民. 配偶接近假说可以与前两个假说中的任何一个结合使用，并预测如果社会群体中没有潜在的配偶，个体将移民。 最后，同种线索假说预测，个人将移民到领土包含同性同种，因为他们的存在表明该领土是合适的。为了验证这些假设，我将在一系列的实验室实验中研究不同的嗅觉和社会线索的年轻和成熟的女性和男性松田鼠的偏好。 此外，还将进行实验室实验，以研究女性和男性居民对不同性别和年龄组游客的反应。 最后，我建议在实验室和现场实验中研究群体组成对群体间迁移的影响。 我将测试是否生殖空缺影响运动，以及是否剩余的组成员的性别影响移民的时间和性别。这项研究的长期目标是了解行为的社会控制所涉及的因素，以及开始了解这些因素背后的生理机制。 像这里提出的研究将使我能够检查社会互动和扩散之间的关系，这最终影响了繁殖的概率。 与同种的相互作用也可以是重要的性别相关的行为的表达，这项研究将提供一个模型，以访问在男性和女性的生殖策略。

Factors that influence reproductive success may act through their influence on dispersal and selection for audible territory. The social environment of mammals such as stress from interactions with same-sex conspecifics or stimulation by members of the opposite sex may affect the probability of success in there endeavors but the mechanisms involved are not well understood. Furthermore, the social environment may affect males and females in the same or in different ways. The aim of this study is to examine alternative hypotheses about whether or not there is a gender difference in the cues that influence emigration and immigration. The intra sexual competition hypothesis predicts that same-sexconspecifics will induce emigration but prevent immigration. In contrast, the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis predicts that opposite- sex conspecifics should induce emigration. The mate access hypothesis may work in conjunction with either of the two previous hypotheses and predicts that individuals will emigrate if there are no potential mates in the social group. Finally, the conspecific cuing hypothesis predicts that individuals will immigrate into territories containing same-sex conspecifics because their presence indicates that the territory is suitable. To test these hypotheses, I will examine preferences of young and mature female and male pine voles to different of olfactory and social cues in series of laboratory experiments. Lab experiments also will be conducted to examine responses of female and male residents to visitors of different sexes and age classes. Finally, I propose to examine the effects of group composition on intergroup transfer in lab and field experiments. I will test whether reproductive vacancies affect movement and whether the gender of remaining group members influences the timing and gender of immigrants. The long-term objectives of this research are to understand the factors involved in social control of behavior as well as to begin to understand the physiological mechanisms underlying these. Studies like the ones proposed here would allow me to examine the relationship between social interactions and dispersal, which ultimately affects the probability of reproduction. Interactions with conspecifics can also be important in the expression of gender-related behavior; this study will provide a model to access reproductive strategies in males and females.