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SOCIAL STIMULATION AND SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

社会刺激和性发展

基本信息

批准号：
2252238
负责人：
Nancy Gail Solomon
金额：
$ 10.13万
依托单位：
MIAMI UNIVERSITY OXFORD
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
1994
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
1994-07-01 至 1999-06-30
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/2252238
关键词：
animal population study ethology fertility field study pheromone reproductive development sex behavior social behavior species difference vole

项目摘要

Factors in the social environment, such as psychosocial stimulation and stress from interactions with conspecifics, may influence the timing of sexual maturation. The degree of sociality of a species may affect the responsiveness of females to social signals or the mechanism by which social cues influence reproduction. The long-term goal of this research program is to examine the mechanisms that affect the timing of reproduction. Understanding the nature of the social cues that may influence reproduction and sexual development is central to uncovering the physiological and neural mechanisms, as well as the evolutionary basis, of reproductive timing in mammals. There are three specific goals of these experiments: (1) to determine whether or not social cues can suppress or delay reproduction in two species of rodents that differ in the degree of sociality, (2) if females in both species exhibit reproductive suppression, then to examine the cues involved in mediating suppression and, (3) to test the effects of suppressive cues under natural conditions. Two rodent species will be compared in these experiments: the pine vole, a cooperative breeder, and the meadow vole, which tends to be less social during the breeding season. In a number of cooperatively breeding species, only one female typically reproduces although non-reproductive group members also provide care to young. Delayed reproduction has also been reported in noncooperatively breeding females, at least during periods of high population density. Lack of or delayed reproduction seems extremely costly to individuals due to losses in direct fitness (Brown 1987). Initial experiments (Exp 1 and 2) will determine the source of suppression of younger females. The relative effectiveness of chemical versus behavioral cues in suppression of reproduction will be examined (Exp 1 and 2). Variations in the amount of contact with a potential mate and suppressive cues will be examined to determine the likelihood of suppression of reproduction versus lack of sufficient contact with males as an explanation of suppression in the wild (Exp 3). Finally, the frequency with which chemical cues need to be presented will be determined prior to tests in a natural setting (Exp 4). If suppression of reproduction occurs in response to chemical cues in the laboratory, field experiments will be conducted to assess the effectiveness of chemical cues on reproduction in semi-natural settings (Exp 5 and 6). Breeding females will be removed and then chemical cues presented to determine if chemical cues alone can suppress reproduction in a field situation. Finally, a similar study using chemical cues will be conducted in an orchard setting with pine voles (Exp 7). The results of these experiments will provide valuable insights into the mechanisms and selection pressures responsible for the evolution and/or maintenance of delayed reproduction in mammalian species that differ in the degree of sociality.

社会环境因素，如社会心理刺激和与同种动物相互作用的压力，可能会影响性成熟一个物种的社会性程度可能会影响女性对社会信号的反应或机制，社会线索影响繁殖。这项研究的长期目标是计划是检查影响时间的机制，生殖理解社会线索的本质，影响生殖和性发育是揭示生理和神经机制，以及进化的基础，哺乳动物的生殖时间这有三个具体目标实验：（1）确定社会线索是否可以抑制或在两种啮齿类动物中，社会性，（2）如果两个物种中的女性都表现出生殖能力，抑制，然后检查参与调解抑制的线索（3）在自然条件下测试抑制线索的作用。在这些实验中将比较两种啮齿动物：松田鼠，一个合作的繁殖者，和草地田鼠，在繁殖季节。在许多合作繁殖的物种中，只有一个女性通常繁殖，虽然非生殖群体成员还为年轻人提供照顾。延迟繁殖也是在非合作繁殖的女性中报告，至少在人口密度高。缺乏或延迟繁殖似乎非常由于直接适应性的损失，对个体来说代价高昂（Brown 1987）。初始实验（实验1和2）将确定抑制的来源年轻的女性。化学药品与行为线索抑制繁殖将被检查（实验1和 2）。与潜在伴侣接触的量的变化，将检查抑制性线索，以确定生殖抑制与缺乏与男性的充分接触作为野生动物抑制的解释（实验3）。最后需要呈现化学线索的频率将被确定在自然环境中测试之前（实验4）。如果抑制在实验室、野外和野外，将进行实验以评估化学线索的有效性在半自然环境中繁殖（实验5和6）。繁殖雌性将被删除，然后化学线索，以确定是否化学在野外环境中，线索本身就能抑制繁殖。最后将在果园环境中进行使用化学线索的类似研究松田鼠（实验7）。这些实验的结果将提供有价值的见解的机制和选择压力负责用于哺乳动物中延迟生殖的进化和/或维持社会性程度不同的物种。