Crowd-Sourcing Scoping Study

爱好者、鉴赏家和感兴趣的业余爱好者能够而且确实为艺术和人文提供了许多知识，但我们对他们形成和来自的社区知之甚少。这项审查将侧重于众包，这是一种从大型、分散的用户群体中收集信息的现有技术，已经成熟，可以扩展和开发，以满足人文研究的需求。这些社区能提供什么，他们与学院形成了什么关系，以及社区的各个方面如何激励他们贡献知识。审查将是好奇的--审查这些社区的性质--并积极主动地与互联社区方案合作，以确定AHRC与这些社区接触的最有成效的方式。这件事的核心是众包。2006年首次被创造出来，这个术语本身并不是没有问题：众包被描述为一种商业模式，在这种模式下，公司的消费者群体参与产品或服务设计，并从社交媒体网站获取大量用户生成的内容(参见Huberman et。艾尔2010年，“众包、注意力和生产力”，JIS 2009年，第36卷：6,758-765)。它对艺术和人文学科提出了许多问题：社区是如何围绕对一个学术主题的共同兴趣形成的；共享能力在为其贡献知识方面发挥了什么作用；这一过程产生了什么好处，对谁来说；AHRC的领域中的哪些部分将通过与这种“贡献社区”的接触获得最大利益；这些社区如何以及为什么会存在，以及互联社区计划如何确定和达到这些社区；以及--尤其是--希望利用地理分布的社区的专业知识的人文主义者和艺术研究人员面临的主要技术挑战是什么。近年来，高等教育部门通过采用众包模式，间接地回应了这些问题。然而，这些问题几乎没有得到系统的解决(直到现在)。大多数使用众包的学术研究项目在很大程度上保持了“人群”一词所暗示的方法，并以参与的数量和知识的进步为导向，而大型志愿者社区只有凭借其数量才能取得进展(例如GalaxyZoo和分布式校对人员)。这篇综述试图成为一个探索过程的开始，探索如何对众包模式进行调整、重新定位和改革，以成为创造艺术和人文领域学术知识的有用工具。综述包括一些信息收集方面的线索：对科学和社会科学中众包项目产生的文献进行案头研究，并更深入地关注人文和艺术领域的早期采用者；对众包项目的贡献者进行调查，探索他们为什么贡献数据以及他们从中得到了什么；以及对其中一些选定的样本进行深入访谈。此外，还将以两个研讨会和一个互动网站的形式开展在线和面对面的网络活动，其成果将是概述大众外包目前在艺术和人文领域的应用、这种应用在科学和社会科学中的应用背景、评估未来在艺术和人文领域应用的最有成效的可能性，以及大众外包方法的分类，这将为互联社区方案在这一领域的未来思考提供一个框架。

Enthusiasts, connoisseurs and interested amateurs can and do offer much knowledge to the arts and humanities, but we understand little about the communities they form and come from. This review will focus on crowd-sourcing, an existing technique for gathering information from large, distributed user groups, which is ripe to be expanded and developed to meet humanities research needs. What they can these communities offer, what relationships do they form with the academy, and how do aspects of community motivate them to contribute their knowledge. The review will be inquisitive - looking at the nature of those communities - and proactive, working with Connected Communities programme to identify the most productive ways for the AHRC to engage with them. At the heart of this is crowd-sourcing. First coined in 2006, the term itself is not unproblematic: crowd-sourcing has been described as a business model in which a company's consumer group participates in product or service design, and as the harvesting of large amounts of user generated content from social media sites (see Huberman et. al. 2010, 'Crowd-sourcing, attention and productivity', JIS 2009, vol 36:6, 758-765). The questions it provokes for the arts and humanities are numerous: how do communities form around a shared interest in an academic subject, what is the role played by a shared capacity to contribute knowledge to it; what benefits accrue from this process and to whom; which parts of the AHRC's domain stand to gain most by engaging with such 'contributing communities'; how and why such these come to exist, and how they can be identified and reached by the Connected Communities programme; and - not least - what are the main technical challenges facing humanists and arts researchers who wish to draw on the expertise of geographically distributed communities. In recent years the HE sector has responded to these questions obliquely, by adopting crowd-sourcing models. However, few if any of these questions have been addressed systematically (until now). Most academic research projects using crowd-sourcing have largely maintained the approach implied by the word 'crowd', and have been oriented towards the volume of participation, and the advancement of knowledge that a large community of volunteers can make only by virtue of its numbers (examples include GalaxyZoo and Distributed Proofreaders). This review seeks to be the beginning of a process of exploration in to how crowd-sourcing models can be adapted, re-purposed and reformed in order to become useful vehicles for the creation of academic knowledge in the arts and humanities.The review incorporates a number of information-gathering strands: desk research in to the literature produced by crowd-sourcing projects in the science and social sciences, and focusing in greater depth on those early adopters in the humanities and arts; a survey of contributors to crowd-sourcing projects exploring why they contribute data and what they get out of it; and in-depth interviews with a selected sample of these. This will be complemented by on-line and face to face networking activities in the form of two workshops and an interactive website.The outcomes will be an overview of crowd-sourcing's current application in the arts and humanities, the background of that application in the sciences and social sciences; an assessment of where, in the arts and humanities, the most fruitful possibilities lie for these applications in the future, and a typology of crowd-sourcing methods which will offer the Connected Communities programme a framework for its future thinking in this area.