Greek in Italy: investigating the linguistic effect of the long-term presence of Greek speakers on the languages of Ancient Italy.

在公元前第一个千年期间，希腊水手、商人和殖民者访问并定居在意大利半岛的人数越来越多。如此之多，以至于意大利的南半部被罗马人(Magna Graecia)和希腊人(Megale Hellas)称为“大希腊”。希腊人带来了城市生活、宗教和饮酒，以及字母表及其相关的用法。意大利的一些城市，包括那不勒斯、雷吉姆和塔伦图姆，在罗马统治下仍然说希腊语。在过去的三十年里，大量的考古和考古发现为我们打开了对在意大利的希腊人和他们所遇到的土著社会的了解，但关于希腊语对土著语言的影响还没有完整的研究。该项目旨在填补这一空白，将考虑希腊人与说古意大利各种母语的人之间接触的性质和结果，调查语言本身的变化，并将语言互动与社会和政治因素联系起来。该项目将在古代语言接触的新工作(例如亚当斯双语和拉丁语言2003)的背景下，结合最近两个主要的研究进展，将地中海微型地区的研究联系起来，强调网络和连通性(例如Horden&Purcell the Corrupting Sea 2000)，从而为研究希腊语在意大利的影响带来新的方法。碑文来源将是主要的焦点，因为铭文为意大利曾经说过的几乎所有古代语言提供了基本记录(拉丁语当然是例外)。最近的研究极大地加强了我们对意大利非拉丁语言的了解，出版了新的语料库，包括AHRC项目的成果《Imagines Italicae》(2011)。这些语料库使我们能够将语言证据与已知的考古学或历史背景相吻合。该项目团队将包括在希腊语和意大利本土语言方面都有专长的研究人员，他们在历史/比较语言学、金石学和古典研究方面有重叠的优势。通过合作研究和汇集不同地区和语言的专业知识和知识，我们将对几个世纪以来意大利双语和多语言互动的复杂性有一个更全面的了解。我们将开发使用碑文材料来构建语言社区之间相互作用的图景的方法，以及解释文字的相似性和识字用途的方法。该项目的发现将揭示古代历史，并为研究移民和殖民对语言使用和变化的长期影响设定标准。该项目将设在剑桥大学古典学系，该学院为古代史、金石学和比较/历史语言学提供了极好的机构支持。PI(James Clackson)和Co-I(Geoff Horrocks)在古典语言的语言学研究方面拥有国际公认的专业知识，并有良好的合作研究记录(联合出版《布莱克韦尔拉丁语史》，2007年)。该项目将雇用两名博士后研究人员Nicholas Zair和Katherine McDonald以及一名博士生。项目团队成员将专注于不同的领域：Clackson关于拉丁语的早期历史和希腊语对不同语言社区的影响；Horrocks关于希腊语在意大利的发展；Zair将主要关注Sabellian语言家族内的音素和词法变化；McDonald将调查在意大利最南端的希腊语、Ocan和Messapic之间的长期接触和变化。相关的博士生资格将允许学生学习来自意大利南部的希腊语铭文。

In the course of the first millennium BC Greek sailors, traders and colonists visited and settled in the Italian peninsula in increasing numbers. So much so, that the southern half of Italy became known as 'Big Greece', both by Romans (Magna Graecia) and Greeks (Megale Hellas). Greeks brought with them urban living, religion and wine drinking, together with the alphabet and its associated uses. Some cities of Italy, including Naples, Rhegium and Tarentum, remained Greek speaking under Roman rule. Substantial archaeological and textual discoveries in the last three decades have opened up our knowledge of the Greeks in Italy and the native societies they encountered, but there has been no complete study of the impact made by Greek on indigenous languages. This project aims to fill this gap, and will consider the nature and outcomes of contact between Greeks and speakers of the various native languages of ancient Italy, investigating the changes on the languages themselves, and relating linguistic interactions to social and political factors. This project will bring a new approach to the study of the impact of Greeks in Italy by combining two major recent research developments in research, linking studies of micro-regions in the Mediterranean, which emphasize networks and connectivity (e.g. Horden & Purcell The Corrupting Sea 2000), within the context of new work on ancient language contact (e.g. Adams Bilingualism and the Latin Language 2003).The project will work from a rich, but manageable data set. Epigraphic sources will be the primary focus, since inscriptions furnish the principle record for nearly all of the ancient languages once spoken in Italy (Latin is of course the exception). Recent research has hugely enhanced our knowledge of the non-Latin languages of Italy through the publication of new corpora, including Imagines Italicae (2011), the result of an AHRC project. These corpora allow us to tally the linguistic evidence with known archaeological or historical contexts. The project team will comprise researchers with expertise on both the Greek language and the native languages of Italy, with overlapping strengths in historical / comparative linguistics, epigraphy and classical studies. Through collaborative research and by pooling expertise and knowledge of different areas and languages, we will gain a fuller picture of the complexity of bilingual and multilingual interaction in Italy over several centuries. We will develop methodologies for using epigraphic material to construct a picture of interactions between speech communities, and for interpreting similarities of script and uses of literacy. The findings of the project will shed new light on ancient history, and set a standard for the investigation of the long-term impact of migration and colonization on language use and change.The project will be based in the Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge, which affords excellent institutional support for ancient history, epigraphy, and comparative/historical linguistics. The PI (James Clackson) and Co-I (Geoff Horrocks) have internationally recognized expertise in the linguistic study of the Classical languages, and a proven record of collaborative research (joint publication Blackwell History of the Latin Language, 2007). The project will employ two post-doctoral researchers, Nicholas Zair and Katherine McDonald, and one PhD student.The members of the project team will focus on different areas: Clackson on the early history of Latin and variation in the impact of Greek on different speech communities; Horrocks on developments in Greek in Italy; Zair will be concerned principally with phonological and morphological change within the Sabellian language family and McDonald will investigate long term contact and change between Greek, Oscan and Messapic in the far south of Italy. The associated PhD studentship will allow a student to work on the language of Greek inscriptions from southern Italy.