'Snow scenes: exploring the role of place in weather memories"

地点的概念被视为通过“赋予其价值”（Tuan, 1977: 6）为空间位置提供更多意义，不仅通过命名（edwards, 2009），而且通过试图理解人们在欣赏、享受和评价环境时使用的地点价值（Kruger and Jakes, 2003; Norton and Hannon, 1997; Ehrenfeld, 1993）。要想更丰富地了解一个人的现场体验，需要测量空间位置的物理特性，这只是第一步，下一步的挑战是认识到更大的“地点感”，并表达“我们与该地点相关的记忆、经历和行为模式”（Ciolfi, 2004）。然而，在一个地方移动或行走，被认为是重要的，有助于建立一个多感官体验的地方，而新技术开辟了新的机会，让人们叙述，分层，干预和贡献这些地方的经验，因为他们通过他们（巴特勒，2007）。在这个项目中，我们有兴趣开发创新的公众参与方法，包括定位媒体技术，这将使我们更好地了解地方感是如何影响当地气候和天气的，以及如何被公众对当地气候和天气的理解所影响。在过去，地点对气候知识的产生、接受和传播至关重要（Naylor, 2006），并继续告知当代气候辩论是如何形成的。最近的调查还表明，关于气候变化的讨论必须在人们的地方进行，作为增加其重要性的一种手段。当地情况，“日常经验和地点”，或气候的情境性质，越来越被认为是理解公众如何感知、响应和适应气候变化的基础（Lorenzoni和Pigeon， 2006: 80； Palutikoff等人，2004）。特定的关系背景-人们生活和工作的地方，他们的历史，文化或价值观-已被确定为理解不同文化背景下的不同群体如何理解天气和气候的关键（斯洛克姆，2004）。地点还可以使天气和气候的科学史对更广泛的公众更有意义，通过将知识、工作和思想置于特定行动者的地理、社会和文化背景中（Elwood和Martin， 2000）。最近有人呼吁重新考虑“气候对人类和地方的意义，以及人类和地方之间随时间的关系”（Hulme 2008: 7），重点是通过对当地天气影响的调查来具体化气候变化的经验（Livingstone, 2012）。拟议的合作项目旨在通过探索创新的方式来解决这一问题，在这种方式中，公众对当地天气的理解和经验，特别是雪和异常严冬的经验和影响，可以被捕捉、呈现和共享。我们的具体目标之一是开发基于多媒体的手机应用程序，以测试故事和经历（基于档案/口述历史材料）如何与参与者自己的想法和经历相结合，同时在现场和通过特定空间。这些方法将有助于捕捉人们和社区对地方的价值（Hein et al., 2008），这对环境和旅游部门的政策制定者、规划者和设计师来说是越来越有价值的。到目前为止的工作建议的工作是根据“加强艺术和人文学科在环境价值和变革方面的作用”计划资助的两个项目所进行的研究。这两个项目都调查了20世纪英国高地偏远地区过去天气和气候的记录、账目和记忆。“去年的雪”收集了公众对威尔士极端天气的记忆，通过公共活动，在线博客（http://eira.llgc.org.uk/），推特账户和当地/地区媒体，该项目通过BBC新闻和当地BBC广播进行宣传。此外，数百页的档案资料已被数字化，并通过照片分享网站Flickr在网上免费提供。这些材料（期刊、日记、历书和文学作品）都存放在威尔士国家图书馆，它们都包含了与威尔士过去冬季经历有关的宝贵文献证据。来自档案研究的公众记忆已经发展成为一项表演工作，它提供了历史背景和对社区通过弹性和适应性经历、应对和幸存极端事件的方式的理解。“天气散步，天气谈话”同样通过对公众的采访收集了大众对天气和气候变化的记忆和看法（天气谈话，（http://www.talkingjobs.net/player/poweredby.cfm?brandLink=climate&key=qwerty）），在第二部分（天气散步）中，重点介绍了北奔宁山脉大盾山的天气经历和记录。特别关注气候学家Gordon Manley（1902-1980）的档案和出版材料。这个项目的创意输出是RGS-IBG“发现英国”系列（http://www.discoveringbritain.org/）的一个有叙述的步行，伴随着一个实验性的手机应用程序，该应用程序结合了各种媒体的路线图，包括音频、文本、图像和视频，所有这些都是由查阅的档案材料启发的。合作原因两个项目都使用了与天气和气候有关的档案材料，与公众就环境变化和相关问题进行交流。通过社交媒体渠道和公开表演的“昨日之雪”，以及以采访、解说行走和手机应用程序的形式进行的“天气漫步、天气谈话”。确定将档案材料转换为数字资源的最有效方法是拟议合作的重点。在这方面，两个研究小组有充分理由比较和分享资源、专业知识和方法，以便扩大过去天气和气候的区域图像，并最大限度地传播和影响已经完成的研究。两个团队选择的地理位置导致了寒冷的冬季天气，特别是雪，这在两个项目使用的研究材料中占主导地位。因此，目前的项目对20世纪英国高地的严冬和降雪以及观察、记录和解决这些问题的“雪冠军”都很感兴趣。最近在英国经历的严冬（2008-2009年和2009-2010年）导致雪重新进入公众的想象以及地方和国家政府的政策和规划领域。2011年，约克郡、德文郡、北林肯郡、桑德威尔等地招募了社区雪警（配备了盐、铲子和背心），越来越多的地方议会也在为即将到来的冬天采取类似的举措，包括在坎布里亚郡广泛报道的“雪冠军”呼吁，以及一项政府运动“为冬天做好准备”。尽管预测表明，由于全球气候变化，英国各地的降雪量将会减少，但目前，雪仍然是一种人们喜爱和享受的天气现象，但人们也担心它会造成破坏，尤其是在交通和运输方面。戈登·曼利，“天气漫步，天气谈话”项目的核心人物，利用早期天气观测者的记录（通常以日记和日记的形式，类似于“昔日的雪”），对英国的雪进行了广泛的研究，并在北奔宁山脉进行了自己的观察。他认为威尔士缺乏这种“雪史”的早期记录，而“昨日之雪”团队的研究可能会对这种观点提出挑战。曼利开发的英格兰中部温度系列仍然是世界上最长的连续温度记录，并且仍然是判断冬季严酷程度的工具。曼利也是冰雪研究协会（后来的英国和国际冰川学协会）的创始成员，该协会成立于1938年，其目的是“鼓励对冰雪的实际和科学问题的研究，并普遍激发对这一主题的兴趣”。他还帮助建立了英国的积雪调查，从1937年12月开始，通过一个由志愿者和业余观测者组成的网络，通过一套记录在明信片上的日常观测系统收集数据。坎布里亚（Garrigill）和威尔士（Crickhowell）的记者站从一开始就是报道网络的关键部分。气象厅于1953年开始负责这项调查，并一直维持到1992年。拟议的活动该合作项目将集中于分享和传播已经完成的研究，观察和试验将历史材料转化为可公开访问的形式的新形式，以及在坎布里亚郡（威斯特摩兰的Appleby / Great Dun Fell）和威尔士中部（寒武纪山脉的Soar y Mynydd）两个案例研究区域的社区中进一步整理雪的记忆。我们的具体目标是：1.)利用现有项目中收集的档案文件、口述历史证词和极端冬季/降雪事件的个人回忆，开发、试验和展示创新的公众参与工具，包括地点媒体技术；2.)开发基于地点的移动技术，允许社区团体（和游客/游客）记录、代表、分享本地天气的经验，并透过多媒体应用将未来雪灾的影响形象化(3)，透过这些媒体探讨本地天气的经验和认识如何影响及被地方感所影响。这些目标将通过以下活动来实现：i)呼吁在当地报纸和杂志上刊登广告，同时继续现有的社交媒体（博客、Flickr、天气记忆库），收集坎布里亚郡和威尔士中部冬季天气的记忆和经历。该活动将优先考虑社区作为重点，与人权委员会领导的跨理事会连接社区计划进行交流。ii)制作手机应用程序/可视化工具，将两个项目结合起来。该应用程序将重点关注冬季天气的书面和口头记录（英语和威尔士语）中地点的重要性。这将建立在“天气漫步、天气讲座”项目和GP对“Placebooks”项目（www.placebooks.org）和“弥合农村鸿沟”的贡献的基础上，将社区地图与社区经验、记忆和复原力的叙述结合起来。第一阶段是根据现有研究和进一步的记忆收集的材料，包括档案和口述历史证词，发展一套叙述。这些叙述将构成对过去天气事件影响的一系列重建和对未来事件影响的可视化的基础。这些重建和可视化将被输入到原型应用程序中。这将被设计为允许在团队通过现场试验确定的案例研究特定步行的关键点触发重建/可视化。为期一天的研讨会将汇集两个项目团队和从案例研究领域抽取的志愿者小组，他们将被邀请在现场试用应用程序。其他致力于将档案材料转化为具有吸引力的新形式，将过去带入生活的人也将被邀请，包括数字化文件，叙述散步，移动应用程序，动画。这一天将包括不同技术的简短演示，与AHRC的数字转换主题相结合，并对为该项目开发的位置媒体技术进行反馈。合作将产生至少三篇学术论文，一篇探讨数字方法和公众参与，一篇连接档案和位置媒体技术，一篇关于雪的叙述，比较两个案例研究中的工作。还将为更受欢迎的期刊准备文章，包括皇家气象学会的期刊《天气》和英国皇家气象学会- ibg的《地理》杂志。附加价值额外的时间和资源将确保进一步传播两个项目小组已经完成的研究成果，并对每种方法的有效性进行评估。这将使两个项目之间的联系得到充分的探索，并使已经确定和咨询的档案资源被用于更大的潜力（超越表演和叙述行走）。额外的时间将允许研究人员和研究地点社区之间的关系继续下去。这项工作将有利于参与的两个项目团队、致力于将档案材料转化为新的数字形式的其他研究人员、合作伙伴组织、以及目前正在投资于雪计划的当地社区及其理事会。这些研究涉及AHRC的一些优先主题（互联社区、数字化转型、文化科学）。项目管理新的合作项目将由诺丁汉大学的GE领导，并将与LV的PDRA协调项目活动。他们将组织所有团队成员参加的工作坊。GP将在诺丁汉地理学院现有的专业知识库的技术支持下，利用两个团队提供的档案材料，领导移动应用程序的开发。SN， GE和LV都将参与开发档案叙述，CJ专门从事威尔士语材料。LH将负责探索公众进一步参与数字化文档的机会，包括将选定的文档转移到原型应用程序上。项目将于2013年3月1日开始，2014年1月31日结束。项目一开始，就会通过包括当地电台在内的当地媒体渠道，呼吁人们进行雪景记忆。计划在7月至9月期间进行实地考察、开发和测试步行和定位媒体工具，以期在项目结束时完成并试用最终产品。反馈研讨会定于2013年底举行。

Research background/ context The concept of place has been seen as providing more meaning to a spatial location by "endowing it with value" (Tuan, 1977 : 6), not only through naming (Edwardes, 2009) but by attempting to understand the place values used by people in appreciating, enjoying, and valuing the environment (Kruger and Jakes, 2003; Norton and Hannon, 1997; Ehrenfeld, 1993). Capturing a richer picture of a person's in-field experience involves measurement of physical properties of a spatial location as only the first step, the next challenge being to acknowledge a greater 'sense of place' and to represent "the memories, experiences and patterns of behaviour we associate with that locale" (Ciolfi, 2004). Moving or walking through a place, however, is thought be significant in helping to build a multi sensual experience of that place while novel technologies are opening up new opportunities for people to narrate, layer, intervene in and contribute to these experiences of places as they move through them (Butler, 2007). In this project, we are interested in developing innovative public engagement methodologies, including locative media technology, that will allow us to gain a better understanding of how a sense of place informs, and is informed by, popular understanding of local climate and weather. Place has been pivotal to the production, reception and circulation of climate knowledge in the past (Naylor, 2006) and continues to inform how contemporary climate debates are framed. Recent surveys are also suggesting that discourses about climate change need necessarily to be situated within people's locality, as a means of increasing its saliency. Local circumstances, the "everyday experiences and locality", or the situated nature of climate are increasingly being recognised as fundamental to understanding how the public perceives, responds and adapts to climate change (Lorenzoni and Pigeon, 2006: 80; Palutikoff et al., 2004). Particular relational contexts - the places people live and work, their histories, cultures or values - have been identified as critical for understanding how different groups of people in different cultural contexts comprehend weather and climate (Slocum, 2004). Place can also make scientific histories of weather and climate more meaningful to wider publics, by situating knowledge and the work and ideas of particular actors within their geographical, social and cultural contexts (Elwood and Martin, 2000). There have been recent calls for reconsidering "what climate means for people and places and the relationships between people and places over time" (Hulme 2008: 7), with emphasis being placed on particularizing experiences of climate change through investigations of the impacts of weather at the local level (Livingstone, 2012). The proposed collaborative project seeks to address this imperative by exploring innovative ways in which public understanding and experiences of local weather, and specifically experiences and impacts of snow and unusually severe winters, can be captured, represented and shared. One of our specific goals is to develop multimedia based mobile phone applications to test how stories and experiences (based on archive/oral history material) can mix with participants' own thoughts and experiences while in the field and moving through a particular space. These methodologies will help to capture the way in which people, and communities value places (Hein et al., 2008), something that is of increasing value to policy makers, planners and designers in the environmental and tourism sectors. Work to dateThe proposed work capitalises on research conducted as part of two projects funded under the Enhancing the Role of Arts and Humanities Perspectives on Environmental Values and Change initiative. Both projects have investigated records, accounts and memories of past weather and climate in remote areas of upland Britain created during the twentieth century. 'Snows of Yesteryear' has gathered memories of extreme weather in Wales from the general public, through a presence at public events, an online blog (http://eira.llgc.org.uk/), twitter account and local/regional media, the project receiving publicity through BBC news and on local BBC radio. In addition, hundreds of pages of archival material has been digitised and made freely available online through the photo-sharing site Flickr. These materials (journals, diaries, almanacs and literary works) are all housed in the National Library of Wales, and all contain valuable documentary evidence relating to experiences of past winters in Wales. The public memories from the archival research have been developed into a performance work which provides historical context and understanding of the ways that communities have experienced, responded to, and survived extreme events through resilience and adaptability. 'Weather Walks, Weather Talks' has similarly collected popular memories and opinions on weather and climate change through interviews with members of the general public (Weather Talks,(http://www.talkingjobs.net/player/poweredby.cfm?brandLink=climate&key=qwerty), and, in its second part (Weather Walks), has focused on experiences and records of the weather at Great Dun Fell in the north Pennines, particularly focusing on the archival and published materials of climatologist Gordon Manley (1902-1980). The creative output of this project is a narrated walk for the RGS-IBG 'Discovering Britain' series (http://www.discoveringbritain.org/) which is accompanied by an experimental mobile phone application that incorporates a route map with a variety of media including audio, text, image and video, all inspired by the archival materials consulted.Reasons for collaborationBoth projects have used archival materials relating to weather and climate to engage with the general public on environmental change and related issues. For 'Snows of Yesteryear' through social media channels and public performance, and, for 'Weather Walks, Weather Talks' in the form of interviews, a narrated walk and mobile phone application). Identifying the most effective methods of translation of archival materials into digital resources is a key focus of the proposed collaboration. Here there is a strong case to be made for comparing and sharing resources, expertise and methods between the two teams, in order to expand regional pictures of past weather and climate, and to maximise the dissemination and impact of the research already completed. The geographical locations chosen by both teams have resulted in cold winter weather, particularly snow, dominating the narratives in the research materials utilised by both projects. The present projects thus share an interest in severe winters and snow falls in upland Britain during the twentieth century and the 'snow champions' that have observed, recorded, and tackled them. Recent harsh winters (from 2008-2009 and 2009-2010) experienced in Britain have resulted in snow re-entering both the public imagination and the policy and planning spheres of local and national government. 2011 saw community snow wardens (equipped with salt, shovels and vests) recruited in York, Devon, North Lincolnshire, Sandwell and other places, with similar initiatives in place for the coming winter at a growing number of local councils, including a widely reported appeal for 'Snow Champions' in Cumbria, and a government campaign 'Get ready for winter'. Although predictions indicate that snow falls across Britain will be reduced as a result of global climatic change, snow presently remains a weather phenomenon that is loved and enjoyed, yet also feared for the disruption it causes, particularly in regard to mobility and transport. Gordon Manley, the central figure of 'Weather Walks, Weather Talks' project conducted extensive research into snow in Britain utilising the records of early weather observers (often in the form of diaries and journals similar to those used by 'Snows of Yesteryear'), as well as making his own observations in the north Pennines. He believed that Wales lacked early records for such 'snow histories', and the research conducted by the 'Snows of Yesteryear' team may make a case for challenging that belief. The Central England Temperature series that Manley developed remains the longest continual record of temperature anywhere in the world, and remains a tool by which to judge the severity of our winters. Manley was also a founder member of The Association for the Study of Snow and Ice (later the British and then International Glaciological Society), established 1938 with the aim, 'to encourage research on the practical and scientific problems of snow and ice, and generally to stimulate interest in the subject.' He was also instrumental in establishing the Snow Survey of Great Britain which gathered data from December 1937 using a network of volunteer, amateur observers through a system of daily observations recorded on postcards. Reporting stations in Cumbria (Garrigill) and Wales (Crickhowell) were a key part of the reporting network from the outset. The Meteorological Office assumed responsibility for the survey in 1953 and maintained the survey until 1992.Proposed activitiesThe collaborative project will be focussed on the sharing and dissemination of the research already completed, looking at and experimenting with new forms of translating historical materials into publicly accessible forms, alongside the collation of further memories of snow in the communities of the two case study areas of Cumbria (Appleby in Westmorland/ Great Dun Fell) and mid Wales (Soar y Mynydd on the Cambrian Mountains).Our specific objectives are:1.) to draw on the archival documents, oral history testaments and personal recollections of extreme winters/ snow events collected as part of both the existing projects to develop, trial and unfold innovative public engagement tools, including locative media technology;2.) to develop place based mobile technologies to allow community groups (and tourists/ visitors) to record, represent, and share experiences of local weather and to visualize the impacts of future snow events through multimedia applications3.) to explore through these media how experiences and understandings of local weather inform, and are informed by, a sense of place.These objectives will be met through the following activities:i) Appeal for snow memoriesThe intention is to use advertisements in local newspapers and magazines, as well as continuing the social media presence already in place (Blogs, Flickr; Weather Memory Bank), to gather memories and experiences of winter weather in Cumbria and mid Wales. This activity will prioritise the community as a focus, speaking to the AHRC led cross council Connected Communities programme.ii) Production of mobile phone application/visualisation tools uniting both projectsThis application will focus on the importance of place in written and verbal accounts of wintery weather (both in English and Welsh). This will build on work begin as part of the 'Weather Walks, Weather Talks' project and GP's contribution to the 'Placebooks' project (www.placebooks.org) and 'Bridging the Rural Divide', combining community mapping with community experiences, memories and narratives of resilience. The first stage is to develop a set of narratives based on the material collected as part of the existing research and further snow memories, including archival and oral history testimony. These narratives will form the basis of a set of reconstructions of the impacts of past weather events and visualizations of the implications of future events. These reconstructions and visualisations will be fed into a proptotype app. This will be designed to allow the reconstructions/ visualisations to be triggered at key points on case study specific walks identified through field trials by the team. iii) Feedback WorkshopA one-day workshop will bring together the two project teams with groups of volunteers drawn from the case study areas who will be invited to trial the apps in the field. Others working on the translation of archival materials into engaging new forms which bring the past to life, including digitised documents, narrated walks, mobile applications, animations will also be invited. The day will involve short demonstrations of different technologies, engaging with the AHRC's Digital Transformations theme as well as feedback on the locative media technologies developed for the project.iv) Academic journal papers/ popular pieces The collaboration will result in at least three academic papers, one exploring digital methodologies and public engagement, one linking archives and locative media technologies and one on narratives of snow, comparing work conducted in both case studies. Articles will also be prepared for more popular journals, including the Royal Meteorological Society's journal, Weather and the RGS-IBG's Geographical magazine. Value addedThe additional time and resources will ensure further dissemination of the research already produced by both project teams, and for an assessment of each method's effectiveness to be conducted. It will allow the connections between the two projects to be fully explored, and for the archival resources already identified and consulted to be used to greater potential (beyond the performance and narrated walk). The additional time will allow relationships between the researchers and the communities of the study sites to continue. The work will be of benefit to the two project teams involved, other researchers working on translating archival materials into new and digital forms in a number of AHRC priority themes (Connected Communities, Digital Transformations, Science in Culture), partner organisations, and local communities and their councils currently investing in snow initiatives.Project managementThe new collaborative project will be led by GE at the University of Nottingham who will co-ordinate the project activities with named PDRA, LV. They will organise the workshop in which all members of the team will participate. GP will lead the development of the mobile application with technical support from an existing pool of expertise based in the School of Geography at Nottingham, utilising archival materials provided by both teams. SN, GE and LV will all be involved in developing archival narratives, with CJ specialising in Welsh language based materials. LH will be responsible for exploring opportunities for further public engagement with digitised documents, including transfer of selected documents onto the prototype apps. Project milestonesThe project will begin in March (1st) 2013 and end Jan (31st) 2014. Appeals for snow memories will be set in motion as soon as the project begins, facilitated through local media channels including local radio. Field Excursions, development and testing of walks and locative media tools will be planned between July and September with a view to completing and trialling the final products towards the end of the project. The feedback workshop is scheduled for the end of 2013.