Demons of the Mind: the Interactions of the 'Psy' Sciences and Cinema in the Sixties

20世纪60年代是关于人类心理知识的激烈斗争时期，心理学家、精神病学家和精神分析学家处于深度冲突中。在这一时期，专业人士和公众围绕精神药物和抗精神病药物的使用、电休克治疗、心理外科，以及人格和基因在人类行为中的作用、儿童的情感发展、服从和旁观者的冷漠、电影和精神病之间的关系、心理学在定义性行为和妇女压迫中的作用、心理治疗的普及以及反精神病学运动等问题展开了激烈的辩论。这也是一个电影和观众全神贯注于“心灵的恶魔”的时期，恐怖、科幻、犯罪和惊悚片成为在公共领域传播和辩论心理学理论和新研究成果的越来越重要的方式。英国和美国电影在经济和创造性方面投入了大量资金，在重叠的类型电影周期中探索儿童发展、依恋和母爱、心理遗传、精神变态和人格障碍，其中包括最著名的导演和明星(威廉·威勒、奥托·普雷明格、阿尔弗雷德·希区柯克、劳伦斯·奥利维尔、诺埃尔·科沃德、奥黛丽·赫本)以及新好莱坞和英国新浪潮的名人(罗伯特·奥特曼、彼得·博格丹诺维奇、杰克·克莱顿、卡雷尔·赖斯、特伦斯·斯坦普)。其中许多电影是英美联合制作的，融合了各国的电影传统和才华，吸引了英国和美国的市场。这个项目将首次全面介绍心理科学在这一关键时期的复杂竞争和交叉授粉，因为心理学和相关科学的影响扩展到了英国和美国的日常政治、公共和私人生活。该项目将探索两个民族文化和医学思想体系的分歧和交集，而当时，就像电影文化一样，有大量的交通，但也有明显的区别。因此，该项目的成果将对科学史和医学史做出重要贡献。此外，该项目还将追溯在20世纪50年代中期至70年代初，心理科学的关键发展如何与流行电影和其他媒体互动，当时流行文化对有关人类心理的辩论进行了前所未有的干预。因此，该项目还将对媒体和电影研究做出重大贡献，试图理解60年代电影文化对心理问题的执着，而不是作为无意识的意义或主题立场，而是作为医学、心理和精神病学话语和实践的有意识和有争议的中介；这些电影被宣传为代表科学和电影领域的连续不断的“突破”。通过其研究方法、人员和传播，该项目将把科学和医学历史学家、科学传播学家、媒体和电影研究学者以及心理科学专业人员带入富有成效的对话中。它还将为早期职业研究人员(PI)和博士后研究人员在与其专业领域内外的领先学者合作方面提供重要的经验、指导和培训。该项目将促进曼彻斯特大学领先的科学、技术和医学史中心与东安格利亚大学英国历史最悠久的电影、电视和媒体研究中心之一之间富有成效的合作。此外，该项目与英国科学协会的合作将把人文方法引入科学节巡回演出，目前科学节巡回演出以科学观点为主。

The 1960s was a period of intense struggles over knowledge about the human mind, with psychologists, psychiatrists, and psychoanalysts in deep conflict. This was the period of professional and public arguments over the use of psychotropic and antipsychotic drugs, electroconvulsive therapy, psychosurgery, as well as issues such as the role of personality and genetics in human behaviour, children's emotional development, obedience and bystander apathy, the relationship between cinema and psychosis, psychology's role in defining sexuality and women's oppression, the popularisation of psychotherapy, and the anti-psychiatry movement. It was also a period in which cinema and audiences became preoccupied with the 'demons of the mind', with horror, science fiction, crime, and thriller films becoming increasingly significant ways in which psychological theories and new research findings were disseminated and debated within the public sphere. British and American cinema invested heavily financially and creatively in exploring child development, attachment and 'mothering', psychogenetics, psychopathy and personality disorders within overlapping cycles of genre films featuring the most celebrated directors and stars (William Wyler, Otto Preminger, Alfred Hitchcock, Lawrence Olivier, Noel Coward, Audrey Hepburn) and luminaries of New Hollywood and the British New Wave (Robert Altman, Peter Bogdanovich, Jack Clayton, Karel Reisz, Terence Stamp). Many of these films were Anglo-American co-productions that integrated national cinematic traditions and talent in appealing to both British and American markets. This project will provide the first comprehensive account of the complex contestations and cross-pollinations of the psy sciences in this defining period as the influence of psychology and allied sciences expanded into everyday political, public and private lives in Britain and America. The project will explore the divergences and intersections of the two national cultures and bodies of medical thought, at a time when, as in cinema culture, there was significant traffic but also marked distinctions. The outputs from this project will therefore provide vital contributions to the history of science and medicine. In addition, the project will trace how key developments in the psy sciences interacted with popular cinema and other media in the 'long Sixties' period of the mid-1950s to early-1970s, when popular culture made an unprecedented intervention into debates regarding human psychology. The project will, therefore, also provide a significant contribution to media and film studies by seeking to understand Sixties cinema culture's fixation with the psychological not as unconscious meanings or subject positions, but rather as conscious and contested intermediations of medical, psychological, and psychiatric discourses and practices; these films were promoted as representing conjoined 'breakthroughs' in science and cinema. Through its research methods, personnel, and dissemination, this project will bring historians of science and medicine, science communication scholars, media and film studies academics, and psy science professionals into productive dialogue. It will also provide vital experience, mentoring, and training for the early career researcher (PI) and postdoctoral researcher in working with leading academics within and outside their fields of expertise. The project will facilitate productive collaboration between the leading Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine at University of Manchester and one of UK's longest established centres for Film, Television and Media Studies at University of East Anglia. In addition, the project's partnership with the British Science Association will introduce humanities approaches into the science festival circuit, which is currently dominated by scientific perspectives.