NEWTON: Plural Heritages of Istanbul's World Heritage Sites: the case of Land Walls

该项目将开发伊斯坦布尔土地（狄奥多西）墙的新价值，与社区合作：1)通过“自下而上”的视角为遗产规划提供信息；2)将长城与非物质文化遗产联系起来；3)共同制作现场的和基于网络的面向公众的数字遗产解说资源，以反映非官方的、迄今为止未经授权的对城墙及其周围环境的理解；4)通过遗产管理/解释实践、数字技术和遗产部门的社区参与建模来建设能力。长城是联合国教科文组织世界遗产的重要组成部分。它们是一座古老的建筑，在历史上经过多次修改，在1453年征服君士坦丁堡时被破坏，现在位于一个快速现代化的大都市。他们目睹了跨文化接触和冲突，从战争到“士绅化”，有时涉及社区的非自愿流离失所。城墙被正式确认为有形遗产，联合国教科文组织的突出普遍价值声明是基于“反映了几个世纪以来欧洲和亚洲相遇的建筑杰作的独特融合”。这样做的缺点是缺乏与不同利益相关者社区的接触和参与，我们认为，城墙并没有很好地受到居住在其附近的人们的重视，也没有作为遗产有效地融入这些人的生活。为了解决这个问题，我们将研究和开发与不同身份、经历和对过去的态度有关的多视角叙事，重新评价城墙，为国内城市遗产管理/解释提出模型。这涉及到对社区利益相关者的生活、态度和对遗产的理解进行定性研究的三个相互关联的用途：1)为更敏感的“自下而上”遗产管理提供信息；2)让利益相关者参与到面向公众的遗产解读的共同制作人中来，特别是制作能够体现和呈现多种故事的现场和在线数字资源；3)基于人们的“地方感”，重新思考城墙，超越物质遗产的范式。为了实现这一目标，研究是在相互关联的工作包中进行的，我们采用了多模式定性研究方法，包括调查（例如半结构化访谈和焦点小组，步行人种志）；以及共同制作遗产资源（例如可在线或通过二维码远程访问的数字故事），这既是资源开发，也是对人们身份和对遗产态度的一种反思性调查。一个关键的问题是需要将城墙重新定义为“遗产”，而不仅仅是作为历史建筑环境的物理部分，而是作为人们生活故事的一部分，作为人们与过去复杂关系的一个场所。这与最近对过去的另类观点的呼吁是一致的：存在多种而不是单一的“遗产”的概念——即使它们集中在一个地方；人们生活中的“普通”故事可能和官方对国家历史的描述一样多。第二个关键问题是需要引入更复杂的遗产社区参与实践，包括合作制作，不仅要确保城墙的社会价值，还要分享这种方法在其他国家产生的社会和遗产解释的好处，特别是在PI的英国ahrc资助的工作中。作为其中的一部分，该项目通过以下方式提供官方发展援助：通过社区口译培训工具包（CITTs）促进文化发展和部门“技能提升”；“巩固文化遗产”；并支持遗产旅游作为“关键的经济部门”。

The project will develop new valorisations of the Istanbul Land (Theodosian) Walls, working with communities to: 1) inform heritage planning through 'bottom-up' perspectives; 2) relate the Walls to intangible cultural heritages; 3) co-produce both situated and web-based, public-facing digital heritage interpretation resources that reflect non-official, hitherto unauthorised understandings of the Walls and their environs; and 4) build capacity through modelling heritage management/interpretation practice, digital technologies and community engagement within the heritage sector.The Walls are an extensive part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. They are an ancient structure, much modified in history, famously breached in the 1453 Conquest of Constantinople and now situated in a rapidly modernizing megacity. They have witnessed intercultural contact and conflict, from war to 'gentrification', sometimes involving involuntary displacements of communities. The Walls are officially valorized as tangible heritage, and the UNESCO statement of Outstanding Universal Value is based upon the 'unique integration of architectural masterpieces that reflect the meeting of Europe and Asia over many centuries'. This has shortcomings related to scant engagement with, and involvement of, diverse stakeholder communities, and we contend that the Walls are not well valorized by people who live in their vicinity, and are not meaningfully integrated into such people's lives as heritage. To counter this, we will research and develop multi-perspectival narratives revalorizing the Walls in relation to different identities, experiences and attitudes to the past, proposing models for in-country urban heritage management/interpretation. This involves three interrelated uses of qualitative research into the lives, attitudes and understandings of heritage of community stakeholders: 1) to inform more responsive, 'bottom-up' heritage management; 2) to engage stakeholders as co-producers of public-facing heritage interpretation, in particular to produce in situ and online digital resources that valorize and present multiple stories; and 3) to rethink the Walls beyond the paradigm of tangible heritage, based on people's 'sense of place'. The research is structured in interconnected work packages to achieve this and we adopt a multi-modal qualitative research methodology including both surveying (e.g. semi-structured interviews and focus groups, walking ethnographies); and co-production of heritage resources (e.g. digital stories accessible online or remotely through QR codes), which functions both as resource development and as a form of reflexive enquiry into people's identities and attitudes to heritage.One key concern is the need to reconceptualise the Walls as 'heritage' not merely as a physical part of the historic built environment, but as part of the story of people's lives and as one locus of people's complex relations with the past. This aligns with recent appeals for alternative perspectives on the past: with the notion that there exist multiple, rather than singular, 'heritages' - even when constellated in one place; and that the 'ordinary' stories of people's lives may have as much to tell us as official representations of national history. A second key concern is the need to introduce more sophisticated heritage community engagement practices, including co-production, not just to ensure the social value of the Walls, but also to share the benefits to society and to heritage interpretation that such approaches have produced in other countries, notably in the PI's AHRC-funded work in the UK. As part of this, the project provides Official Development Assistance (ODA) through: enabling cultural development and sector 'upskilling' through community interpretation training toolkits (CITTs); 'consolidating cultural heritage'; and supporting heritage tourism as a 'key economic sector'.