'Peace babies' - the unintended consequences of United Nations peacekeeping (HN)

截至2016年3月，共有来自123个国家的104 773名军警人员在全球16个维和行动中服役。在战争、占领或维持和平行动期间，如果外国士兵在外国领土上，军民关系就会发展，包括士兵和当地妇女之间的关系。维和人员越来越多地卷入对他们受命保护的弱势群体的性剥削和性虐待。维持和平人员与当地妇女之间的许多亲密关系，无论是自愿的还是剥削性的，都导致怀孕和生育。这些所谓的“和平婴儿”和他们的母亲在动荡的冲突后社区面临着特殊的挑战，据报道，包括童年的逆境以及污名化，歧视和不成比例的经济和社会困难。该网络将学术界和发展部门内部围绕“和平婴儿”的两种调查联系起来，本着对话和合作的精神，研究跨国历史背景下人道主义干预的挑战。该网络坚信，历史对因果关系和长期变化过程的关注对于理解社会文化变化的复杂动态是必不可少的，因此，该网络有助于更深入地了解发展，并旨在影响实践。它对现有的大量关于当代人道主义环境的内部和外部分析提供了历史性的补充。具体而言，该网络提议深入研究“和平婴儿”的情况，探讨联合国海地稳定使命人员或与特派团有关人员怀上的孩子。联海稳定团是与一系列虐待指控有关的特派团之一，其中包括性暴力和基于性别的暴力，以及由此产生的联合国人员所生子女的意外遗产。联合国最近承认存在“维和婴儿”。然而，一个与联合国维和人员所生儿童福利有关的证据库来自女王大学、伯明翰大学、国际和国防政策中心以及海地的Enstiti Travay Sosyal ak Syans Sosyal（ETS）的学者之间的这种多学科合作，海地司法与民主研究所和设在海地的国际律师局将与民间社会组织沿着，解决这一知识差距，并加强我们对和平婴儿及其家庭面临的挑战以及获得支持的障碍的历史了解。除了英国-加拿大-海地的核心伙伴关系外，该网络还将包括另外四个ODA受援国（柬埔寨、波斯尼亚、利比里亚和刚果民主共和国），并将把海地的见解更广泛地应用于与来自具有广泛支持和平行动经验的国家的学术和非学术与会者的讨论中。（两次讲习班和一次网络会议，后者由早期职业研究讲习班补充），这将建立一个可持续的伙伴关系，重点是共同创造知识以及协作调动这种知识，为学术和非学术界提供信息。对维和人员子女感兴趣的学术界利益攸关方：讲习班和最后会议的结果将为学术产出和今后制定部门间研究议程提供信息;此外，他们还将为“和平婴儿”杂志特刊提供框架，并将在资助期后成为该网络活动的核心，作为持续的跨国和部门间对话以及合作研究的平台

As of March 2016, a total of 104,773 uniformed personnel from 123 countries were serving in 16 peacekeeping operations around the world. Where foreign soldiers - during war, occupation or peacekeeping operations - are on foreign soil, military-civilian relations develop, including those between soldiers and local women. Peacekeepers have increasingly been associated with sexual exploitation and abuse of the vulnerable populations they had been mandated to protect. Many of the intimate relations between peacekeeping personnel and local women, of both voluntary and exploitative nature, have led to pregnancies and to children being born. These so-called 'peace babies' and their mothers face particular challenges in volatile post-conflict communities, reportedly including childhood adversities as well as stigmatization, discrimination and disproportionate economic and social hardships.The network connects two strands of inquiry around 'peace babies' - from the academic world and from within the development sector - in a spirit of conversation and collaboration, to examine challenges of humanitarian intervention in a transnational historical context. Building on the firm belief that history's focus on causality and long-term processes of change is indispensable for appreciating the complex dynamics of socio-cultural change, the network contributes a deeper understanding of development and aims to affect practice. It provides an historical complement to the wealth of available analyses - internal and external - of the contemporary humanitarian environment. Specifically, the network proposes an in-depth-study of the situation of 'peace babies' by exploring the children conceived by personnel from or associated with the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). MINUSTAH is among the missions that have been associated with allegations of a range of abuses, not least related to sexual and gender-based violence and consequently the unintended legacy of children fathered by UN personnel. The UN has recently acknowledged that 'peacekeeper babies' exist. Yet, an evidence base relating to the welfare of children fathered by UN peacekeepers (globally or in Haiti) is virtually non-existent, and it is clear that the existing UN policies and support programs are inadequate.This multidisciplinary collaboration between scholars from Queen's University, the University of Birmingham, the Centre of International and Defence Policy, and Haitian-based Enstiti Travay Sosyal ak Syans Sosyal (ETS), along with civil society organisations, the Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti and Haitian-based Bureau des Avocats Internationaux, will address this knowledge gap and enhance our historically-informed understanding of the challenges faced by peace babies and their families as well as the obstacles to accessing support. Beyond the core UK-Canada-Haiti partnership, the network will include a further four ODA-recipient countries (Cambodia, Bosnia, Liberia and the DRC) and will apply insights from Haiti to PSOs more generally in discourse with academic and non-academic participants from those countries with extensive PSO experience.The network is structured around three network meetings (two workshops and a network conference, the latter supplemented by an early-career research workshop) which will create a sustainable partnership that focuses on co-creation of knowledge as well as a collaborative mobilisation of this knowledge to inform academic and non-academic stakeholders interested in peacekeepers' children.The findings of the workshops and the final conference will inform both academic outputs and - going forward - the development of an intersectoral research agenda; furthermore they will frame a special journal edition on 'Peace Babies' and will be at the core of the network's activities beyond the funding period, both as a platform for continued transnational and intersectoral conversation and of collaborative research